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COPYRIGHT DEPOSE 



Ventilation Laws 

in the United States 



Also Board of Health Requirements and Regulations of 
National Board of Fire Underwriters. 

Together with Model Ventilation Requirements as 

Promulgated by The American Society of 

Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 



Third Revised Edition 

Price $1.00 



New York: 

Heating and Ventilating Magazine Company, 

1123 Broadway. 



■AiV1 
'VI 



Copyright, 1917 

BY 

Heating and Ventilating Magazine Company 







JUN 29 1917 

0CI.A47O131 
VO / , 



PRESENT STATUS OF COMPULSORY 
VENTILATION 

Alabama — No law. 

Arizona — No law. 

Arkansas — No law. 

California — No law, except general law for factory build- 
ings. 

Colorado — No law. 

Connecticut — State Board of Health rulings in force. 

Delaware — No law. 

Idaho — No law. 

Illinois — Laws in effect covering all classes of buildings. 

Indiana — Laws in effect covering all classes of buildings. 

Iowa — No law, except for factories. 

Kansas — Laws in effect covering factories and theatres. 

Kentucky — No law. 

Louisiana — State Board of Health rulings in force. 

Maine — Partial requirements set forth by State Superin- 
tendent of Public Schools. 

Maryland — No law. 

Massachusetts — Law in effect covering all classes of build- 
ings. 

Michigan — No law, except for grinding and polishing ma- 
chinery. 

Minnesota — State Board of Health requirements in force, 
covering public school buildings. 

Mississippi — No law. 

Missouri — No law. 

Montana — Law in effect covering public school buildings. 

Nevada — No law. 

New Hampshire — No law. 

Nebraska — No law. 

New Jersey — Law in effect covering public school buildings 
and exhaust systems in workshops. 

New Mexico — No law. 

New York — Laws in effect covering all classes of build- 
ings. 

3 



4 VENTILATION LAWS 

North Carolina — No law. 

North Dakota — Law in effect covering public school build- 
ings. 

Ohio — Laws in effect covering all public buildings and fac- 
tories. 

Oklahoma — No law. 

Oregon — No law. 

Pennsylvania — Law in effect covering public school build- 
ings, and grinding and polishing machinery. 

Rhode Island — No law. 

South Dakota — No law. 

South Carolina — No law. 

Tennessee — Law in effect covering workshops and fac- 
tories. 

Texas — No law. 

Washington — No law. 

Wyoming — No law. 

Utah — Law in effect covering public school buildings. 

Virginia — Law in effect covering public school buildings. 

West Virginia — No law. 

Wisconsin — General orders in effect of State Industrial 
Commission regarding grinding, buffing and polishing 
machinery. 



CONTENTS. 

Page 

California : General Factory Ventilation Law 108 

San Francisco ordinance 7 

Columbia, District of : Practice of Municipal Archi- 
tect 8 

Connecticut: State Board of Health Requirements.. 9 

Florida: State Board of Health Requirements 10 

Illinois : Factory Ventilation Law 109 

Requirements for Public School Buildings 11 

Chicago Ventilation Code 17 

Ventilation of Chicago Street, Elevated and Sur- 
face Cars 22 

Indiana : State Board of Health Requirements 25 

Law for Ventilation of Industrial Buildings r . 113 

Kansas: Picture Show Ventilation Law 34 

Iowa : Laws for Exhausting Systems. 113 

Kansas : Factory and Picture Show Ventilation Law. 114 

Louisiana: State Board of Health Requirements 37 

Maine: Requirements of State Superintendent of 

Public Schools 39 

Massachusetts : Ventilation Law 41 

Requirements of Massachusetts District Police. . . 44 

Michigan : Law for Exhaust Systems 117 

Detroit Ventilation Ordinance 50 

Minnesota: Requirements of State Superintendent 

of Education 53 

General Factory Ventilation Law 117 

Montana: Ventilating Provisions of School Law 61 

New Jersey : Public School Ventilation Law 62 

Law for Exhausting Systems 118 



CONTENTS 

New York State : Ventilation Law 64 

New York State Industrial Board 120 

New York State Factory Ventilation Law, Prac- 
tical Requirements of 125 

North Dakota : Ventilation Provisions of State Pub- 
lic School Law 66 

Ohio : State Building Code 69 

Laws Governing Factory and Building Inspection. . 131 
Heating and Ventilating Sections of Cleveland's 
Building Code 79 and 133 

Oregon : Portland's Building Code 83 

Pennsylvania: Public School Ventilation Law 84 

Requirements Regarding Blowers and Exhausters. 135 
Philadelphia, Requirements of engineering depart- 
ment of Board of Education 85 

Tennessee: Portion of Sanitary Food Law Contain- 
ing Ventilating Requirements for Food Shops.. 86 

Utah : Public School Ventilat on Law 89 

Vermont: State Board of Health Requirements 91 

Virginia : Public School Ventilation Law 97 

Wisconsin: Requirements for Exhausting Ma- 
chinery 135 

Regulations of the National Board of Fire 
Underwriters for the Installation of Blower 
Systems 98 

Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of 

Industrial Buildings 108 

Proposed Smoke Prevention Codes for Large and 

Small Cities 137 

Requirements for Model Compulsory Heating and 

Ventilation Laws 145 



Ventilation Laws 



CALIFORNIA 

There is no State law in California regulating the heat- 
ing and ventilating requirements of public buildings. 

In San Francisco, a section has been added to Ordinance 
No. 1008, known as the building law, adopted May, 1911. 
This section is as follows : 

In all buildings which are designed to be used in whole 
or in part, as public buildings, public or private institutions, 
school house, church, public place of assemblage, or place 
of public resort, and all buildings which are designed to be 
used in whole or in part as a factory, workshop, mer- 
cantile or other establishment, and with accommodations 
for ten or more employees, provision shall be made for 
at least 15 sq. ft. of floor space and 200 cu. ft. of air 
space for each occupant to be accommodated in each 
room therein, and for supplying at least 30 cu. ft. of pure 
air per minute for each occupant thereof. 

In every building, or part of building, intended for 
audience room only, as a theatre, hall or nickelodeon, 
provision shall be made for supplying at least 30 cu. ft. 
of pure air per minute for each occupant thereof. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

The District of Columbia has no adequate law regard- 
ing the heating and ventilation of buildings. However, 
the municipal architect of the District of Columbia states, 
under date of March 16, 1914: 

"My practice is to provide not less than 30 cu. ft. of 
air per minute per pupil in the classrooms, and to main- 
tain a constant temperature (generally 70° F.) through- 
out the school sessions. 

"The method used is that of indirect heating, the air 
being admitted into classrooms at such locations and 
velocity as to eliminate the possibility of drafts on pupils. 
Each schoolroom is provided with adequate ventilation 
for removing the foul air from room as continuously as 
the fresh air is admitted, without the necessity of using 
the windows. 

"The requirements noted above were in general con- 
tained in the report of the commission appointed by 
resolution of the House of Representatives, of February 
20, 1882. (Misc. Doc. No. 35.) " 



CONNECTICUT 

There is no law now in effect in the State of Con- 
necticut relating to the ventilation of public buildings, ex- 
cept the Revision of the General Statute 1902, paragraph 
2505 under the caption of "Duties of the State Board," 
in which will be found the following: "Said Board shall 
take cognizance of the interests of health and life among 
the people of this State; shall make sanitary investigations 
and inquire respecting the causes of disease. Shall cause 
to be made by the secretary, or by a committee of the 
Board of Inspections, at such times as it may deem best 
and wherever directed by the Governor or the general 
assembly, investigations of all public hospitals, prisons, 
asylums or other public institutions in regard to the loca- 
tion, drainage, water supply, disposal of excreta, heating 
and ventilation and other circumstances in any way affect- 
ing the health of the inmates." 



A regulation of the Board of School Visitors in Hart- 
ford, Conn., requires forced draft ventilation, for public 
school buildings in that city, with a minimum of 1,800 
cu. ft. of pure air per hour per pupil, and "facilities for 
exhausting the foul or vitiated air therein shall be positive 
and independent of atmospheric changes." 



FLORIDA 

The rules and regulations of the State Board of Health 
(Publication 92) contain the following provision under 
the heading of sanitation of public buildings : 

Rule 39. Ventilation — All churches, halls, theatres and 
other buildings used for public meeting should be kept at 
all times in a clean and sanitary condition. Every such 
building should be provided with proper method for main- 
taining the purity of the atmosphere and such methods 
should be employed at all times. The same publication 
contains extracts from the general statutes of Florida re- 
lating to public health and the powers and duties of the 
State Board of Health. The general powers of the board 
are defined as covering the general supervision of the 
public health of the State of Florida, and shall have power 
to make, promulgate and enforce such rules and regu- 
lations as may be necessary for the preservation of same. 

In connection with the sanitary inspection of hotels and 
boarding houses, the Board of Health is empowered to 
make examinations covering among other things "The 
Ventilation Obtainable." 



10 



ILLINOIS 

REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN ILLINOIS 

Notable amendments to the Illinois School Law, passed 
in 1915, materially affect the requirements for the heat- 
ing and ventilation of public school buildings, as well as 
the lighting, seating, water supply, toilets and safety 
against fire in the public schools. Attention is called to 
the fact that in the case of new or remodeled buildings 
the law went into effect at once. But for buildings al- 
ready in use the penalties cannot be enforced until March 
1, 1917. School officers are advised to begin at once and 
do what can best be done now. By March 1, 1917, they 
must be able to meet all the requirements of the law. 

THE NEW LAW 

The requirements in question are contained in Sections 
3, 15, 35 and 114-119 of the "School Law Relating to the 
Sanitary Conditions of School Buildings." The extracts 
mentioned as well as the specifications for the minimum 
requirements for heating, ventilation, etc., are published 
as "Circular No. 88" by F. G. Blair, state superintendent 
of public instruction. 

Section 3, Paragraph 13, states that it is "the duty of 
the superintendent of public instruction to prepare, with 
the advice of the State Board of Health, the state archi- 
tect and the state fire marshal, for school directors and 
boards of education, specifications for the minimum re- 

11 



\ 

12 VENTILATION LAWS 

quirements for the heating, ventilation * * * which will 
conserve the health and safety of the children attending 
the public schools." 

Under Section 15, devoted to the "duty of the county 
superintendent of schools," it is stated that "the duty of 
the county superintendent of schools shall be to inspect 
the plans and specifications for the heating, ventilation, 
lighting, seating, water supply, toilets and safety against 
fire for public schoolrooms and buildings submitted to 
him by boards of education or boards of directors, and to 
approve all those which comply substantially with the 
specifications prepared and published by the superintendent 
of public instruction." 

Also "to inspect all public schools under his super- 
vision and notify in writing before the first day of April 
the board of school trustees, or other boards exercising 
similar functions, whether the several schools in their 
jurisdiction have or have not been kept as required by 
law." 

Provision is made for the condemnation of such build- 
ings if they are found not to come up to the require- 
ments in any way. There is also a clause which provides 
for the withholding of the part of the distributive funds 
apportioned to the various school districts in cases -where 
the requirements are not met. 

Regarding the submission of plans, it is specified in 
Sections 114-119 that "before erecting or remodeling a 
public school building the board of directors or the board 
of education in districts containing fewer than 100,000 in- 
habitants shall submit plans and specifications respecting 
heating, ventilation, etc., to the county superintendent for 
his approval. 



ILLINOIS 13 



MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS 

Acting under the law, Francis G. Blair, state superin- 
tendent of public schools, has made out a set of standard 
minimum requirements, the principal items of which are 
given herewith : 

ROOM HEATERS AND VENTILATORS. 

In connection with the requirements where room heaters 
are used, it is provided that the cross-sectional area of 
the opening into the foul air vent shall be equal to that 
of the cross-sectional area of the fresh air opening. All 
classrooms must have at least 16 sq. ft. of floor space 
and not less than 200 cu. ft. of air space per pupil. 

FRESH AIR DUCTS AND VENT FLUES 

A. When the foul air is taken out through the smoke 
flue: 

Cubic Feet in 
Room 
8,000 or More 

less than 8,000 
Sq. in. Sq. in. 
Cross-sectional area of smoke flue not 

less than 192 256 

Cross-sectional area of foul air vent into 

chimney not less than 192 256 

Cross-sectional area of fresh air intake 
not less than 180 240 

B. When the foul air is taken out through a flue sep- 
arate from the smoke flue : 



14 VENTILATION LAWS 

Cubic Feet in 
Room 
8,000 or More 

less than 8,000 
Sq. in. Sq. in. 
Cross-sectional area of smoke flue not 

less than 96 96 

Cross-sectional area of foul air vent flue 

not less than 192 240 

Cross-sectional area of fresh air intake 

not less than 180 240 

The cross-sectional area of the vent flue shall be at 
least equal to the openings specified above. 

BASEMENT HOT AIR FURNACES 

When a basement furnace is used there shall be an 
intake for fresh air from outside the building and also 
a cold air intake from inside the schoolroom. Dampers 
shall be provided which will make it possible to take all 
the air from one source or to take a part from both sources 
at the same time. 

The chains which regulate the dampers for the admission 
of air to the furnace and those which control the drafts of 
the furnace shall extend into the schoolroom. 

There shall be an entrance to the basement from within 
the building as well as from without. 

The floor of the basement shall be concrete or brick. 

Warm air from the furnace shall be admitted into the 
room at the wall at least 6 ft. above the floor. 

The opening into the foul air flue shall be at the floor 
level and the foul air flue shall be so constructed that it 
will be heated by the smoke flue. 

The return cold air opening from the room as well as 
the opening from the outside shall be at the same wall 



ILLINOIS IS 

as the warm air inlet and shall be 2 in. above the floor 
level. The grating over this opening shall be leaned 
against the wall at an angle of 45°. The openings from 
the outside and the inside shall connect with the duct to 
the furnace. The damper shall be constructed so as to 
close either opening and leave the other open. 

A foot warmer or warm air register shall be placed 
at the floor level in the wall. No warm or cold air register 
shall be placed in the floor where it can be walked on or 
sweepings fall into it. 

STEAM HEATING 

The Fan System — When the fan system of ventilation is 
used, the warm air flues shall have a cross-sectional area 
of not less than 9 sq. in. for each occupant of the room. 
The vent flues shall have a cross-sectional area of not less 
than 10 sq. in. for each occupant of the room. 

The Gravity System — Where the gravity system of ven- 
tilation is used the warm air flues shall have a cross- 
sectional area of not less than 16 sq. in. and the vent flues 
14 sq. in. for each occupant of the room. 

Air Passed Through Radiators — When fresh air is 
taken directly into the room and passed through the radi- 
ators, the combined cross-sectional area of all the openings 
shall be not less than 9 sq. in. and that of the vent flue 
not less than 10 sq. in. for each occupant of the room. 

When the methods mentioned in the last two paragraphs 
are used, each foul air flue shall be provided with a radi- 
ator of at least 9 sq. ft. of radiating surface. 

Moistening the Air — In all systems of heating ample 
provision shall be made to moisten the heated air. 

The county superintendents will be called on to fill out 
a definite report covering some fifty separate items, in- 
cluding measurement of the floor space, cubical contents, 



16 VENTILATION LAWS 

window space, sizes of ventilating flues, etc. After his 
inspection, he is to be provided with a score card which 
he is to fill out, showing the points that are unsatisfactory 
as well as his suggestions for improving them. 

(See also Heating and Ventilating Requirements for 
Industrial Buildings on Page 109.) 



Chicago 

In the Sanitary Code of Chicago, as passed in 1911, the 
following requirements relate to the ventilation of build- 
ings: 

ARTICLE XX 

VENTILATION 

680. VENTILATION IN BUILDINGS OF CLASSES 
IV, V, VII and VIII. 

(a) The air used in any room used as an auditorium 
in buildings of Classes IV and V, hereafter erected, and 
the air in any room used as an auditorium in buildings of 
Classes IV and V hereafter erected, and the air in any 
room used as a classroom or assembly hall in buildings of 
Class VIII, hereafter erected, shall be changed, so as to 
provide each person for whom seating accommodation is 
provided in such auditorium, classroom or assembly hall 
with at least 1,500 cu. ft. of air per hour. 

(b) In buildings of Class VII hereafter erected on 
floors frequented by the public the air in such rooms shall 
be supplied at the following rates: 

For each person in basement, 2,000 cu. ft. per hour. 

For each person in first to third stories, both inclusive, 
1,500 cu. ft. per hour. 

For each person in fourth story and above, except as 
hereinafter provided, 1,300 cu. ft. per hour. 

For each person in grocery departments and restaurants, 
1,500 cu. ft. per hour. 

(c) For the purpose of determining the number of 

17 



18 VENTILATION LAWS 

people on any floor in buildings of Class VII, in calculat- 
ing the means of ventilation, the following floor area per 
person per floor shall be taken as the basis: 

Basement, per person, 20 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive 
of walls, stairs and elevators. 

First story, per person, 20 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive 
of walls, stairs, elevators and enclosed show windows. 

Second story, per person, 50 sq. ft. of floor area, exclu- 
sive of walls, stairs, elevators and enclosed show windows. 

Third story, per person, 60 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive 
of walls, stairs and elevators. 

Fourth story and above, per person, 80 sq. ft. of floor 
area, exclusive of walls, stairs and elevators, except as 
hereinafter provided. 

(d) Grocery departments and restaurants, per person, 
40 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive of walls, stairs and 
elevators. 

(e) The amount of carbon dioxide in the air of any 
such auditorium, classroom or assembly hall or space fre- 
quented by the public in Class VII buildings shall not be 
permitted to rise above 10 parts of carbon dioxide per 
10,000 parts of air, measurements being taken at levels 
from 2y 2 ft. to 8 ft. above the floor, generally distributed, 
and the temperature in such spaces when artificially 
heated shall not exceed 68° F. Relative humidity shall 
not be less than 45% nor more than 80%. 

(f) The air in any room used as an auditorium in 
buildings of Classes IV and V constructed prior to the 
passage of this ordinance, and the air in any room used 
as a classroom or assembly hall in buildings of Class VIII 
constructed prior to the passage of this ordinance shall 
be changed so as to provide each person for whom seating 
accommodation is provided in such auditorium, classroom 



CHICAGO 19 

or assembly hall with at least 1,200 cu. ft. of air per hour. 

(g) The air in any rooms and floors in buildings of 
Class VII erected prior to the passage of this ordinance 
shall be supplied by mechanical or other means, at the 
following rates: 

For each person in basement, 1,600 cu. ft. per hour. For 
each person in first to third stories, both inclusive, 1,200 
cu. ft. per hour. For each person in fourth story and above 
except as hereinafter provided, 1,040 cu. ft. per hour. 
For each person in grocery departments and restaurants, 
1,200 cu. ft per hour. 

(h) For the purpose of determining the number of 
people on any floor in buildings of Class VII, in cal- 
culating the means of ventilation, the following floor area 
per person per floor shall be taken as the basis : 

Basement, per person, 20 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive 
of walls, stairs and elevators. First story, per person, 20 
sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive of walls, stairs, elevators 
and enclosed show windows. Second story, per person, 
50 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive of walls, stairs, elevators 
and enclosed show windows. Third story, per person, 60 
sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive of walls, stairs and eleva- 
tors. Fourth story and above, per person, 80 sq. ft. of 
floor area, exclusive of walls, stairs and elevators, ex- 
cept as hereinafter provided. Grocery departments and 
restaurants, per person, 40 sq. ft. of floor area, exclusive 
of walls, stairs and elevators. 

(i) The amount of carbon dioxide in the air of any 
such auditoriums, classrooms or assembly hall or space 
frequented by the public in Class VII buildings shall 
not be permitted to rise above 12 parts of carbon dioxide 
per 10,000 parts of air, measurements being taken at levels 
from 2y 2 to 8 ft. above the floor generally distributed; 



20 VENTILATION LAWS 

and the temperature in such spaces when artificially 
heated shall not exceed 70° F. The relative humidity 
shall not be less than 40% nor more than 85%. 

(j) The word "auditorium" as used in this section 
in connection with buildings of Classes IV and V shall 
be constructed as including the main floor, balcony and 
galleries. 

(k) In buildings hereafter erected for or converted 
to the use of a factory, mill or workshop the air shall 
be changed, except as hereinafter provided, so as to pro- 
vide each person for whom working accommodations are 
provided therein with at least 1,500 cu. ft. of air per hour. 

(1) In buildings used for the purpose of a factory, mill 
or workshop at the time of the passage of this ordinance 
the air shall be changed, except as hereinafter provided, 
so as to provide each person for whom working accom- 
modations are provided therein with at least 1,200 cu. ft. 
of air per hour. 

(m) In any building or room hereafter erected for or 
converted to the use of a factory, mill or workshop, the 
amount of carbon dioxide in the air, except as hereinafter 
provided, shall not be permitted to rise above 10 parts 
of carbon dioxide per 10,000 parts of air. 

(n) In buildings or rooms used for the purpose of a 
factory, mill or workshop at the time of the passage of 
this ordinance, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, 
except as hereinafter provided, shall not be permitted to 
rise above 12 parts of carbon dioxide per 10,000 parts 
of air. The measurements in each case above enumerated 
in this paragraph shall be taken at the levels from 2y 2 to 
8 ft. above the floor, distributed generally; and the tem- 
perature in such spaces when artificially heated, shall not 
exceed 68° F., except as hereinafter provided; the relative 
humidity shall not be less than 40%, nor more than 85%. 



CHICAGO 21 

(o) The above provisions and standards as to ventila- 
tion shall not apply to storage rooms or vaults, or any 
place where the manufacturing process therein conducted 
would be materially interfered with, or where the manu- 
facturing processes therein conducted would produce con- 
siderable quantities of free carbon dioxide, except that 
the air in such rooms or vaults or in any places of manu- 
facture shall not be permitted to become detrimental to 
the health of those who enter or work therein. 

(p) No part of the fresh air supplied in compliance 
with the requirements of this section shall be taken from 
any cellar or basement. 

(q) No person, firm or corporation, either as owner, 
proprietor, lessee, manager or superintendent of any fac- 
tory, mill, workshop or any other building where one or 
more persons are employed shall cause, permit or allow 
the same or any portion or apartment of any room in 
such factory, mill or workshop, to be overcrowded or 
to have inadequate or insufficient light or ventilation. 

(r) No person shall be exposed to any direct draft 
from any air inlet, nor to any draft having a temperature 
of less than 60° F. 

(s) All poisonous or noxious fumes or gases arising 
from any process, and all dust of a character injurious to 
the health of the persons employed, which is created in 
the course of a manufacturing process, within such fac- 
tory, mill, workshop or laundry, shall be removed, as far 
as practicable, by either ventilating or exhaust devices. 



Under Article XXIV, Section 1399, relating to the ven- 
tilation of stores, factories, workshops, etc., it is stated 
that "no person, being the owner, proprietor, lessee, man- 
ager or superintendent of any store, factory, workshop 
or other structure or place of employment where work- 



22 VENTILATION LAWS 

men and workwomen are employed for wages, shall cause, 
permit or allow the same or any portion or apartment of, 
or any room in such store, factory, workshop or other 
structure or place of employment, to be overcrowded or 
inadequate, faulty or insufficient in respect of light, ventila- 
tion, heat and cleanliness; and in every such building or 
apartment, or room in any such building, where one or 
more persons are employed as aforesaid, at least 500 cu. 
ft. of air space shall be allowed to each and every per- 
son employed therein, and fresh air supplied by ventila- 
tion at the rate of four complete changes of air per 
hour during the hours of employment. No part of such 
air supply shall be taken from any cellar or basement. 



Ventilation of Street, Elevated and Subway Cars. 

Under Chapter LIX, of the Chicago Sanitary Code, are 
given complete regulations for the heating and ventilation 
of the street, elevated and subway cars in that city. 

The full requirements are contained in Section 2210 and 
2211, as follows : 

2210. Comfort and safety of passengers. It shall not 
be lawful for any person or corporation owning, leasing 
or operating any street railway cars or steam railroad 
cars, which run from point to point within the city of 
Chicago, either on elevated, surface or subway lines, to 
permit any car to be used or operated on any of the 
public streets or ways of said city unless the following 
conditions are complied with : 

(a) There shall be maintained within such car an 
average temperature not lower than 50° F., nor (when 
such car is heated by artificial heat) higher than 75° F. 

(b) There shall be maintained and conspicuously dis- 
played in such car a standard Fahrenheit thermometer so 



CHICAGO 23 

located that it will furnish a fair criterion of the tem- 
perature of the car. 

(c) The car shall be so ventilated that the amount 
of air entering the car for ventilation, through openings 
provided for such purpose, shall be at the rate of 350 
cu. ft. for each passenger per hour, based on the maxi- 
mum carrying capacity (seats and standing room included) 
of such car; provided, however, that the carbonic acid 
present in the air of the car shall not exceed 10 parts in 
each 10,000 parts of air. 

(d) The air for ventilating purposes shall be delivered 
within the car at a point below the average level of the 
heads of the seated passengers, and the exits for foul 
air shall be located and maintained at a point above the 
heads of the standing passengers; the openings of the 
air intakes shall be so constructed and maintained as to 
be protected from dust and dirt. 

(e) Cars or portions of cars in which smoking is 
permitted shall be provided with a ventilating capacity 
33 1/3% in excess of the capacity required for other cars 
or the portions of cars in which smoking is not permitted. 

(f) The radiation in such cars shall be so placed with 
reference to the air currents as to diffuse the heat through- 
out the car. 



(1) No open cars shall be used or operated within 
said city upon any day between the first day of October 
and the first day of May in any year, when the tempera- 
ture in the open air is lower than 50° F. 

(n) There shall be securely posted in each car, where 
it may be conveniently read by passengers, a copy of 
this section. 

The provisions of this ordinance relating to the main- 



24 VENTILATION LAWS 

tenance of the temperature, the maintenance of the ther- 
mometers and the posting of copies of this section within 
said cars, as herein provided, shall not apply to open cars 
operated at any time not prohibited by this section. 

After this section shall take effect, the commissioner of 
health shall detail employes from the department of health 
to make the investigation necessary to determine whether 
or not the sanitary provisions of this section are being 
complied with, and the said commissioner shall report 
the result of such investigation to the corporation coun- 
sel. It is hereby made the duty of the local transportation 
except to secure information necessary to determine 
whether or not all other provisions of this section are 
being complied with and to cooperate with the corpora- 
tion counsel in securing the evidence necessary to the 
prosecution of violations of this section. 

2211. Penalty. Any person, firm, company or corpora- 
tion who shall be guilty of violating any of the provisions 
of the preceding section shall be fined not less than 
$25.00 nor more than $100.00 for each car operated in vio- 
lation of this law, and each day of the operation of such 
car shall be considered a separate offense. 



INDIANA 

Rules and regulations governing the construction, equip- 
ment and maintenance of sanitary features of public and 
parochial school buildings were passed by the Indiana 
State Board of Health, December 17, 1913. These rules 
and regulations have all the force of law, the State Board 
being empowered, among other things, to "regulate and 
prescribe the character and location of plumbing, drainage, 
water supply, lighting, heating and ventilation, and all sani- 
tary features of all public buildings and institutions, * * * 
and any violation of said rules shall be punished by a fine 
of not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for 
each offense." (Chapter 144, Acts 1909, Part of Sec- 
tion 6.) 

The rules take up the site for school buildings, followed 
by construction features. In connection with the size of 
classrooms, it is provided that no classroom shall ex- 
ceed 25 ft. in width. The ceiling shall be not less than 
12 ft. nor more than 13 ft. in height. Wood ceilings shall 
not be used. 

The provisions covering heating and ventilation are ex- 
tensive and include both the requirements and the methods 
of fulfilling such requirements. They are as follows : 

Heating and Ventilation: Heating and ventilating sys- 
tems of all kinds shall take fresh air from outside the 
school building, evenly diffuse the same throughout each 
schoolroom during school session and withdraw foul air 
from said schoolroom at a minimum rate of 1,800 cu. ft. 
per hour for each 225 cu. ft. of said schoolroom space, 
regardless of outside atmospheric conditions. 

25 



26 VENTILATION LAWS 

a. Test— The State Board of Health will test the effi- 
ciency of ventilating systems in school buildings as follows : 
With jacketed heaters and gravity systems, the anemome- 
ter test shall be made over the foul air vents in class- 
rooms. With plenum systems, the anemometer test shall 
be made over the fresh air inlet of the fresh air room 
and the fresh air inlet in classrooms. With a double sys- 
tem of mechanican ventilation, the anemometer test shall 
be made at the fresh air intake and at the foul air vents 
in classrooms. In every test five readings shall be taken, 
one near each corner and one at the center of the air- 
opening to be tested. A deduction of 5% shall be made 
for a grill or register in the air opening. All tests shall 
be based upon the seating capacity of classrooms at 225 
cu. ft. of space per pupil. Before such test shall be 
made by the State Board of Health, the heating and ven- 
tilating contractor shall be given notice of the time when 
such test is to be made. The State Board of Health will 
make such tests upon the written request of trustees, 
school boards, boards of school commissioners, county, city 
or state superintendents, or upon petition of ten or more 
patrons of the school. 

Plenum and Gravity Systems of Ventilation: 

In plenum or blast systems of ventilation, the warm 
air flues shall have a cross-sectional area of not less than 
10 sq. in. for each pupil, based on the seating capacity 
of the room. The vent flues shall have a cross-sectional 
area of not less than 10 sq. in. for each pupil, based on 
the seating capacity of the room. 

In gravity systems of ventilation, the warm air flues 
and vent flues shall each have a cross-sectional area of 
not less than 16 sq. in. for each pupil, based on the seat- 
ing capacity of the room. 



INDIANA 27 

a. Flue and Vents — In school buildings of more than 
one room with plenum or gravity ventilation the warm 
air flues and vent flues shall be on or in the inside walls 
of the building, and the warm air inlets and the foul air 
vents shall be on the same side of the room. Warm air 
inlets shall be located not less than 5 ft. from the floor. 
Wire screens of No. 8 gauge wire with lj^-in. mesh may 
be used to cover the warm air inlets, except in rooms of 
such size and shape as to require the air to be deflected, 
in which case diffusers may be used. Foul air vents shall 
be at the floor level, shall have a free area of not less 
than the cross-sectional area of the flue, and shall be 
clear of all obstructions. Grills or registers shall not 
be used in foul air vents except with jacketed heaters. 
A chain damper, or other approved device, in plain view 
and easily accessible from inside the room or a chain 
damper in the foul air chamber in the attic, shall be used 
to close the vent when not in use. The damper shall be 
kept open at all times when school is in session. The 
floor and baseboard shall be carried into the bottom of 
vent flues, and that part of the flue exposed to view shall 
be plastered and finished the same as the walls of the 
room. 

Reheated Air: No used air shall be reheated ex- 
cept as provided under jacketed heaters and floor fur- 
naces, or except where an air washing system has 
been installed, and such system of rewashing and re- 
heating air has been approved by the State Board of 
Health. 

Foot Warmers: So-called foot warmers, if used, shall 
be placed in the walls of the main corridors at the floor 
level. No register of any kind shall be placed in the 
floor in any school building. 



28 VENTILATION LAWS 

Air Supply: 

a. In gravity or plenum systems of ventilation, ex- 
cept where wall openings directly into schoolrooms are 
used, the air supply shall be taken from outside the build- 
ing through a window or windows into a room in the base- 
ment especially constructed for this purpose, with tight 
fitting door, impervious and smooth walls, floor and ceil- 
ing, to be known as the fresh air room. The window or 
windows in the outer wall of the fresh air room shall 
have a free area not less than the combined cross- 
sectional area of all the warm air supply ducts, and 
shall be covered with a substantial wire screen of not 
more than y 2 in. mesh and shall be kept free from obstruc- 
tion. This fresh air room shall be kept clean and free 
from obstruction at all times. In no case shall basement 
air be permitted to enter the air supply. 

b. In gravity systems where wall openings directly into 
classrooms are used, the fresh air supply shall be from 
outside the building, and the combined free cross-sectional 
area of fresh air intakes shall be not less than the cross- 
sectional area of foul air flue. Such fresh air intakes 
shall be provided with an approved damper with operating 
device in plain view and easily accessible from inside 
the room. The damper shall be kept open at all times 
when school is in session. The outside openings of such 
fresh air intakes shall be covered with substantial wire 
screen of not more than J^-in. mesh, and shall be properly 
protected from rain or snow. 

It is recommended that wall-box ventilation shall not 
be installed in buildings of more than ten rooms. 

c. With jacketed heaters the fresh air supply shall be 
from outside the building, and the fresh air duct shall be 



INDIANA 29 

provided with an approved damper with operating device in 
plain view, and easily accessible from inside the room. 

d. No fresh air opening or foul air vent in connection 
with any system of ventilation shall be kept closed at any 
time when school is in session. 

INSTALLATION 

No part of the machinery, shafting, or pulley arrange- 
ment of heating and ventilating apparatus or water works 
system shall be connected to the joist or flooring above 
the room in which such machinery or apparatus is in- 
stalled. 

ASPIRATION IN VENT STACKS 

All masonry flues shall start upon substantial founda- 
tion at the ground. All vent flues shall be carried through 
the attic and above the highest point of the roof, either 
as separate flues or by being combined into one or more 
foul air chambers in the attic. Each foul air chamber 
shall be provided with proper roof openings and shall be 
equipped with proper cowls or ventilators to prevent down- 
draught. Separate vent stacks shall also be provided with 
proper cowls or ventilators. Vent flues shall be built the 
same size throughout the entire flue length with inside 
walls plumb, true and with smooth finish. Foul air 
chambers in the attic shall have a cubic capacity at least 
equal to the combined capacity of all vent stacks connected 
with such chamber. A positive updraft shall be main- 
tained in all vent stacks by blast aspiration or exhaust. 
In gravity systems of ventilation with steam heat foul 
air vent stacks shall have a minimum of 27 sq. ft. of 
radiation in each stack for aspirating purposes. 

Cloakrooms and Wardrobes: Where cloakrooms or 



30 VENTILATION LAWS 

wardrobes are not separated from classrooms, or are 
separated only by skeleton doors, they shall be considered 
as part of the classroom, and the foul air vent may be 
placed in the cloakroom or wardrobes. Where cloak- 
rooms or wardrobes are separated from classrooms, they 
shall be separately heated and ventilated the same as class- 
rooms. Where suitable cloakrooms cannot be provided, 
sanitary lockers may be placed in the corridors or 
classrooms, provided that such lockers will not in any 
way become an obstruction to the free passageway of the 
corridor. 

Ventilation in Vocational Rooms: Gas plates, gas stoves 
and burners used in domestic science or laboratory work 
shall be provided with suitable ventilating hoods con- 
nected with a vertical vent flue. This flue shall be 
separate from any other vent flue and a positive updraft 
shall be maintained by blast, aspiration or exhaust. 

Temperature Regulation: Whenever practical, tempera- 
ture regulation shall be used. 

Whatever system of ventilation is used, the windows in 
all schoolrooms shall be opened whenever practical at re- 
cess periods and before the opening of the afternoon 
school session in order to thoroughly change the air of 
the rooms. 

Basement Air: In every stairway leading from the first 
floor to the basement, there shall be a swinging door with 
spring hinges to prevent basement air from entering the 
classrooms and corridors above and as a protection against 
fire occurring in the basement. 



Under "Toilets," the provisions are that "there shall be 
ventilating opening in the back of each individual water- 
closet bowl and each seat of the latrine of not less than 10 



INDIANA 31 

sq. in. free area, and each urinal stall shall have a 
ventilating opening in top or bottom or both of not less 
than 8 sq. in. free area. These toilet ventilating open- 
ings shall be connected to a vertical brick vent flue ex- 
tending above the highest point of the roof. The tip- 
draft in this flue shall be positive at all times, to be main- 
tained by blast, aspiration or exhaust. If stack heater 
is used the cross sectional area of this toilet vent flue 
shall be not less than 360 sq. in. If aspiration by steam, 
this toilet vent flue shall have not less than 36 sq. ft. of 
radiation. If an exhaust fan is used, the cross-sectional 
area of this toilet vent flue shall be equal to the com- 
bined area of the toilet ventilating openings connected 
with such flue, with a minimum flue area of 144 sq. in." 

Under "Humidity," the regulations are that "whenever 
practicable a system of air washing shall be installed in 
connection with plenum and gravity systems of ventila- 
tion in order that the air may be properly humidified be- 
fore being introduced into the schoolroom. Where the 
air supply is direct to the schoolroom, through wall open- 
ings, each radiator shall be provided with a pan or re- 
ceptacle to hold not less than one gallon, and so placed 
as to be constantly warmed and in plain view. Water 
shall be kept in such receptacle at all times when school 
is in session and the heating system is in use. 

Jacketed heaters and floor furnaces shall be provided 
with a pan or receptacle to hold not less than three gal- 
lons, and so placed as to be constantly warmed and in 
plain view. Water shall be kept in such receptacles at 
all times when school is in session and the heater is in 
use. 

Cleaning and Sweeping: Whenever practicable, vacuum 
cleaning equipment shall be installed in school buildings. 
Dry sweeping and dusting is prohibited, and no sweeping 



32 VENTILATION LAWS 

shall be permitted in corridors, schoolrooms or stairways 
while school is in session. Floor oil, some form of dust- 
down or sawdust treated with oil should be used on floors 
before sweeping. 

Directions for Management: Whenever a system of 
heating and ventilation is installed, the heating contractor 
shall furnish full and complete printed instructions for 
the proper management and care of such system to the 
superintendent, principal or teacher of the school, and 
shall in addition post a copy of such instructions in a 
prominent place in the boiler or furnace room for the 
instruction of the janitor. 

Heating: The heating apparatus and appliances not 
otherwise provided for in these Rules must conform to 
the Rules and Regulations of the State Fire Marshal. 

Architects shall furnish heating and ventilating con- 
tractors full and detailed plans of all parts of the build- 
ing in any way connected with the installation of heating 
and ventilating apparatus. 

The following rule was adopted by the State Board 
of Health, April 14, 1916, as appears in the minutes of 
the Board: — 

Ordered: All plans and specifications for school build- 
ings and public buildings of all kinds shall be submitted 
to the State Board of Health for inspection and approval 
as to sanitary features before such plans are finally 
adopted; and that when such plans are approved by the 
State Board of Health, such approval shall be evidenced 
by the seal of the State Board of Health attached thereto. 

The regulations here given are based in part on "The 
Sanitary Schoolhouse Law" (H. 494. Approved March 
14, 1913). This law states under "Heating and Ventila- 
tion" : 

Heating and Ventilation: All schoolhouses hereafter 



INDIANA 33 

constructed or remodeled, shall be supplied with heating 
and ventilating systems. Fresh air shall be taken from 
outside the building and properly diffused without draughts, 
through each schoolroom during the school session. Each 
schoolroom shall be supplied with foul air flues of ample 
size to withdraw the foul air therefrom at a minimum 
rate of 1,800 cu. ft. per hour for each 225 cu. ft. of 
said schoolroom space, regardless of outside atmospheric 
conditions; and heaters of all kinds shall be capable of 
maintaining a temperature of 70° F. in all schoolrooms, 
halls, office rooms, laboratories and manual training rooms, 
in all kinds of weather, and maintaining in each school- 
room a relative humidity of not less than forty per cent: 
Provided, That when artificial ventilation, by use of fan 
or blower, is adopted, the provision as to entrance of 
fresh air shall be from outside of the building. 

It is hereby made lawful for any township trustee, board 
of school trustees and boards of school commissioners 
to establish and maintain open air schools, and when 
such open air schools are established the provisions of 
this act governing heating and ventilation shall not apply 
to such open air schoolrooms. 



KANSAS 

The fire-escape and theatre inspection law (Chapter 197, 
Law of 1911) contains the following provisions for the 
ventilation of theatres : 

VENTILATION OF THEATRES AND PICTURE SHOWS 

Sec. 4. It shall be unlawful for the owner, proprietor 
or lessee to operate any theatre, picture show or place of 
amusement in any structure, room or place in the state of 
Kansas which structure, room or place is capable of con- 
taining fifty or more persons unless the system of ven- 
tilation is capable of supplying at least thirty cubic feet 
of fresh air per minute for each person therein. 

Ventilator Fans — Booths for Picture Machines — Electric 
Wiring. 

Sec. 5. All such structures, rooms or places used for 
the purpose mentioned in section 4 of this act having less 
than 500 cu. ft. of air space for each person, and all rooms 
having less than 2,000 cu. ft. of air space for each person 
in which the outside window and door area used for ven- 
tilation is less than one-eighth of the floor area, shall be 
provided with a draught fan or other artificial means of 
ventilation installed so as to force the stagnant air out- 
ward from said structure, room or place. In the end of 
the room opposite said fan an inlet ventilator shall be 
provided of sufficient size to admit the required amount 
of fresh air as provided in section 4 of this act. All 
booths used for moving picture machines shall be made 
of galvanized sheet iron of not less than 20 B. W. gage, 

34 



KANSAS 35 

or %-m. hard asbestos board, securely riveted or bolted 
to angle-iron frame (of not less than 1 x 1 x % inch angle- 
iron, properly braced), or equivalent fire resisting material. 
A not less than 6-in. diameter ventilating pipe shall be 
used as an exhaust for the hot air generated in operating 
the machine. All electric wiring shall be in accordance^ 
with the National Electrical Code. 

Failure to comply with the provisions of the act con- 
stitute a misdemeanor and a penalty is provided of $10.00 
per day for such failure. 

RULES, REGULATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 

In order to assist the fire chiefs and fire marshals to 
secure a full compliance with the requirements of the law, 
the following rules and suggestions on the subject of 
ventilation are made by the Department of Building and 
Factory Inspection of Kansas : 

Ventilation of Theatres and Picture Shows: In order 
to aid fire chiefs, fire marshals and others in determining 
the amount of ventilating space, or number and size 
of fans necessary to meet the requirement of Sections 4 
and 5, Chapter 197, Laws of 1911, the following rules are 
suggested : 

A. The natural ventilation by doors and windows. 
Under normal conditions and at normal temperature, the 
velocity of air travel is estimated to be from 30 to 60 ft. 
per minute where the exhaust equals the intake area. 

B. The natural ventilation by ventilating flues or chim- 
neys. Under normal conditions the velocity of air travel 
is estimated to be from 200 to 300 ft. per minute. The 
velocity of air travel through ventilators in ceilings will 
range about 100 to 150 ft. per minute. 

C. Small power fans placed in windows or openings 
in walls give a forced velocity of air travel of from 800 to 



36 VENTILATION LAWS 

900 ft. per minute where fans compare reasonably well 
with the size of the opening. 

D. The velocity in number of feet of air travel per 
minute, multiplied by the number of square feet of area 
of the openings used for ventilation, will give the volume 
of air in cubic feet that will pass through the opening 
per minute. 

E. To determine the required amount of artificial 
ventilation. Multiply the number of seating capacity by 
30, and from this amount subtract the number of cubic 
feet of air obtained per minute from natural ventilation, 
as per Rules 1 and 2. The remainder will be the amount 
of air in cubic feet to be supplied by fans or otherwise. 

F. Where windows, doors or other natural means of 
ventilation are relied upon to furnish the required amount 
of fresh air, the fire marshal should see that they are 
kept open for that purpose, and all windows and other 
openings used as "intake" should be provided with proper 
shields or "baffle-boards" to prevent direct drafts on oc- 
cupants of room. 

All modern authorities on ventilation agree that the 
inlet openings should be near the top of room, or at least 
8 ft. above the floor, and the outlet openings should be 
at or near the floor level, and in the opposite end of the 
room from inlet openings. Where seats are at different 
levels, outlet vents should be divided and placed at similar 
levels. Where fans are used they should always be placed 
at outlet, to draw the foul air out of the room. Short- 
circuiting of air currents should be guarded against. 



LOUISIANA 

A law is in effect in Louisiana conferring certain powers 
upon the State Board of Health, and acting under this 
authority the board has issued the following rules and 
regulations regarding the sanitation of public buildings: 
(Sanitary Code of Louisiana, Sections 119-122). 

Every public or government building in this State, and 
every railroad depot, office building, theatre, lecture hall, 
auditorium, hotel, restaurant, boarding house, hospital, and 
other places where numbers of people congregate, must 
be properly lighted and so ventilated that there shall be 
300 cu. ft. of air per hour for each occupant, and rooms 
or halls where over 150 people congregate must be pro- 
vided with an exhaust fan for the removal of the lung 
exhalations and respired carbon dioxide of the occupants. 

Schools. — Plans and specifications for every schoolhouse 
hereafter erected in the State must be submitted to the 
Parish Superintendent of Schools, and to the State Super- 
intendent of Education, and also to the Parish Health 
Officer, that it may be determined whether every hygienic 
or necessary provision is made, especially with reference 
to ventilation, light, and protection against fire. 

Every schoolhouse, public or private, or other building 
used for school purposes, shall be ventilated in such manner 
as to afford 1,800 cu. ft. of air per hour for each adult, 
and a proportionate amount for each child, and shall con- 
tain not less than 200 cu. ft. of air space for each child 
to be taught therein. Windows and transoms shall be so 
consti ucted that windows may be lowered from the top 

37 



38 VENTILATION LAWS 

and transoms opened. Every schoolhouse must be lighted 
in such a manner as to minimize the eye strain. Each 
room must contain of actual surface of glass in the win- 
dows not less than one-seventh of the floor space. 



MAINE 

The only provision in Maine relating specifically to venti- 
lation is contained in the "Abstract of the Health Laws 
of the State of Maine." This provision relates to school 
buildings and approval of plans and is Chapter 88 of the 
Laws of 1909. Section 2 of this act reads : 

"Sec. 2. Where the plans and specifications prepared by 
the State superintendent are not used (the State superin- 
tendent prepares such plans and specifications for not to 
exceed four-room school buildings) all school superintend- 
ing school committees of towns in which new schoolhouses 
are to be erected, shall make suitable provision for the 
heating, lighting and ventilating and hygienic conditions 
of such buildings, and all plans and specifications for any 
such proposed school building shall be submitted to and 
approved by the State superintendent of schools and the 
State board of health before the same shall be accepted 
by the superintending school committee of the town in 
which it is proposed to erect such building." 

In connection with this law, the State superintendent 
of public schools writes, under date of February 16, 1914: 

This department, with the State Board of Health, has 
not compiled requirements for approved school buildings 
in printed form. Briefly, however, the following minimum 
requirements in relation to heating and ventilation are 
made: 

The dimensions of school rooms must be sufficient to 
provide 240 cu. ft. of air space per pupil. Plans for 
ventilating must show provisions for at least 2,000 cu. 
ft. of air for each pupil. Fresh air inlets and foul air 

39 



40 VENTILATION LAWS 

outlets must be large enough to provide in cross section 
measurement from 16 to 20 sq. in. per pupil. 

"Direct radiation from stoves or steam coils is 
discouraged. For small, single-room school buildings, 
jacketed stoves are in nearly all cases required. 

"I may add that our requirements are made suf- 
ficiently elastic to serve primarily the purpose of secur- 
ing improvement of school building conditions. In many 
cases it is not possible to secure ideal conditions." 



MASSACHUSETTS 

A law was passed in Massachusetts (Acts of 1913, 
Chapter 655), which is entitled "An Act to Revise and 
Codify the Building Inspection Laws of the Common- 
wealth." This law, which went into effect Nov. 1, 1913, 
is enforced by the Building Inspection Department of 
the District Police and contains the provisions now in 
effect regarding the heating and ventilating of school and 
other buildings. The sections relating to these subjects 
are given herewith : 

Sec. 15. No building which is designed to be used, in 
whole or in part, and no building in which alteration shall 
be made for the purpose of using it, or continuing its 
use, in whole or in part, as a public building, public or 
private institution, schoolhouse, church, theatre, special 
hall, public hall, miscellaneous hall, place of assemblage 
or place of public resort, or as a factory, workshop or 
mercantile or other establishment and to have accommo- 
dations for ten or more employees, and no building more 
than two stories in height designed to be used above 
the second story, in whole or in part, and no building 
more than two stories in height in which alteration shall 
be made for the purpose of using it, or continuing its 
use, in whole or in part, as an office building, dormitory, 
hotel, family hotel, apartment house, boarding house, lodg- 
ing house or tenement house, and to have eight or more 
rooms above said story, shall be erected, and no alteration 
shall be made therein, until a copy of the plans and speci- 
fications thereof has been deposited with the supervisor 
of plans of the building inspection department of the dis- 

41 



42 VENTILATION LAWS 

trict police by the person causing its erection or alteration 
or by the architect thereof. Such plans and specifications 
shall include those for heating, ventilation and sanitation, 
as the supervisor of the plans may require. 



Sec. 16. Whoever erects, constructs or makes altera- 
tion in a building, or an architect or other person who 
draws plans or specifications or superintends the erection, 
construction or alteration of a building, in violation of the 
provisions of this act, shall be punished by a fine of not 
less than fifty nor more than one thousand dollars. 

Sec. 22. No wooden flue or air duct for heating or ven- 
tilating purposes shall be placed, or shall remain placed, in 
any building which is subject to the provisions of sections 
fifteen and twenty of this act, and no pipe for conveying 
hot air or steam in such building shall be placed, or shall 
remain placed, within one inch of any wooden work, unless 
protected to the satisfaction of the inspector by suitable 
guards or casings of incombustible material. 

Sec. 24. (Theatres). * * * There shall be one or more 
ventilators near the center and above the highest part of 
the stage, equal in area to one tenth of that of the stage 
floor back of the fire-resisting curtain, and arranged so 
as to open automatically from heat, and by a cord or cords 
from the stage floor, as the inspector shall direct. 

Sec. 29. Cities may by ordinance provide that the pro- 
visions of sections fifteen, sixteen, twenty to twenty-eight, 
inclusive, forty-five and forty-six of this act shall apply 
to any building of three or more stories in height within 
their respective limits. 

Sec. 30. In this act, the term "theatre" shall mean a 
building or part of a building in which it is designed to 
make a business of the presentation of dramatic, operatic 



MASSACHUSETTS 43 

or other performances or shows for the entertainment of 
spectators, which is capable of seating more than four 
hundred persons, and which has a stage for such per- 
formances that can be used for scenery and other stage 
appliances. The term "special hall" shall mean a building 
or part of a building containing an audience or assembly 
hall capable of seating more than four hundred persons, 
which may be used for the occasional presentation of 
dramatic, operatic or other performances for the enter- 
tainment of spectators, with the use of scenery, under 
such conditions as the licensing officer shall direct, and 
for public gatherings. The term "public hall" shall mean 
any building, or part of a building, excluding theatres, 
armories, churches and schools, containing an audience 
or assembly hall capable of seating more than four hun- 
dred persons, and used for public gatherings, and for such 
entertainments, not requiring the use of scenery and other 
stage appliances, as the licensing officer may approve. 

Sec. 40. Every public building and every schoolhouse 
shall be kept clean and free from effluvia arising from any 
drain, privy or nuisance, shall be provided with a suf- 
ficient number of proper water-closets, or privies, and 
shall be ventilated in such a manner that the air shall 
not become so impure as to be injurious to health. If 
it appears to an inspector that further or different heating, 
ventilating or sanitary provisions are required in any public 
building or schoolhouse, in order to conform to the re- 
quirements of this section, and that such requirement can 
be provided without unreasonable expense, he may issue 
a written order to the proper person or authority, direct- 
ing such heating, ventilating or sanitary provisions to be 
provided. A school committee, public officer, or person 
who has charge of, owns, or leases any such public build- 
ing or schoolhouse, who neglects for four weeks to com- 



44 VENTILATION LAWS 

ply with the order of such inspector shall be punished by 
a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. * * * 

(Provision is made in the law for an appeal from the 
decision of an inspector. If anyone is dissatisfied with 
any ruling made by an inspector or by the department, 
an appeal can be taken to the courts. In such an event 
the judge shall appoint three experts in the line of work 
from which the complaint is made. The loser by the 
court's decision pays the costs.) 

Sec. 41. In the preceding section, "public building" shall 
mean any building or part thereof used as a public or 
private institution, church, theatre, special hall, public hall, 
miscellaneous hall, place of assemblage or place of public 
resort, and "schoolhouse" shall mean any building or part 
thereof in which public or private instruction is given to 
more than ten pupils at one time. 

Sec. 52.. Sections fifteen, sixteen, twenty to twenty-nine, 
inclusive, forty-three, forty-four, forty-seven, forty-eight, 
fifty and fifty-seven of this act shall not apply to the city 
of Boston. 

Sec. 54. The provisions of this act shall be enforced 
by the chief of the district police, and the chief of the dis- 
trict police shall issue such regulations as may be deemed 
necessary for the uniform enforcement thereof. 

Acting under the authority of this act the district police 
have caused the following order to be issued, which suc- 
ceeds "Form No. 83," which was for many years the guid- 
ing rule for the heating and ventilation of school build- 
ings : 

REQUIREMENTS OF FORM NO. 83a, INSPECTION DEPARTMENT, 
MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT POLICE 

In the ventilation of school buildings the many hundred 
examinations made by the inspectors of this department 



MASSACHUSETTS 45 

have shown that the following requirements can be easily 
complied with : 

1. That the apparatus will, with proper management, 
heat all rooms, including the corridors, to 70° F. in any 
weather. 

2. That, with the rooms at 70° and a difference of not 
less than 40° between the temperature of the outside air 
and that of the air entering the room at warm air 
inlet, the apparatus will supply at least 30 cu. ft. of 
air per minute for each scholar accommodated in the 
room. 

3. That such supply of air will so circulate in the rooms 
that no uncomfortable draught will be felt, and that the 
difference in temperature between any two points on the 
breathing plane in the occupied portion of the room will 
not exceed 3°. 

4. That vitiated air in amount equal to the supply from 
the inlets will be removed through the vent ducts. 

5. That the sanitary appliances will be so ventilated that 
no odors therefrom will be perceived in any portion of the 
building. 

To secure the approval of this department of plans show- 
ing methods or systems of heating and ventilation, the 
above requirements must be guaranteed in the specifica- 
tions accompanying the plans. 

Form B, as it is known, was issued by the Massachusetts 
District Police and contains additional regulations for the 
erection, alteration and inspection of schoolhouses in 
Massachusetts, based upon the law which went into effect 
November 1, 1913, entitled, "An Act to Revise and Codify 
the Building Inspection Laws of the Commonwealth." 

Form B relates to graded or high school buildings of 
medium size, and takes in both public and private schools, 
academies, seminaries or colleges, containing one or more 



46 VENTILATION LAWS 

rooms, where a regular course of instruction is afforded 
to more than ten pupils at one time. 

Under "Boiler, Fuel, Storage and Work Rooms," it is 
specified that "in buildings hereafter erected, and in exist- 
ing buildings if so directed, no boiler, fuel, storage or work 
rooms shall be placed under a corridor, stairway or egress, 
and wherever located, if so directed, they shall be enclosed 
in masonry or fireproof walls with fireproof ceilings, and 
all openings in the walls to the basement shall be provided 
with self-closing fireproof or automatic fire doors. 

The heating and ventilation requirements are as follows : 

For a mechanical system with the temperature of the 
outside air at zero, or for a gravity system with the rooms 
at 70° F. and with the temperature of the outside air not 
less than 40° F. below that of the air entering the rooms 
through the inlets necessary to maintain 70° F. in the 
rooms, the apparatus shall insure the removal near the floor 
levels, through ventiducts by the aid of heat or its equiva- 
lent, with approved regulating dampers, of not less than 
30 cu. ft. of air per minute for each person accommodated 
in the class, recitation, domestic science and manual train- 
ing rooms and laboratories, and of not less than 2y 2 cu. ft. 
of air per minute for each foot in area of the assembly 
hall and gymnasium floors. 

Such apparatus shall also have means to supply, through 
properly located inlets, pure air equal to the amount re- 
moved, and at such height from the floors as to insure 
proper circulation, with means for the proper heating of 
such air when necessary, and with approved regulating, 
protecting and mixing dampers or other approved methods 
for regulating the temperature, so that no uncomfortable 
draughts will be felt and that the difference in tempera- 
ture between any two points on the breathing plane, not 
less than 2 ft. from an outside wall, will not exceed 3° R; 



MASSACHUSETTS 47 

and it shall have sufficient means for heating as to main- 
tain a temperature throughout such rooms of 70° F. in 
zero weather. 

The velocity of the air entering the ventiducts in the 
class, recitation, domestic science and manual training 
rooms and laboratories shall not exceed 400 ft., in the 
assembly hall and gymnasium shall not exceed 500 ft., and 
through the grilles of the inlets shall not exceed 350 ft. 
per minute. The offices, teachers' and emergency rooms, 
corridors and wardrobes shall have approved ventilation, 
and shall be provided with sufficient heat for their respec- 
tive uses. The first-story corridors shall have an approved 
number and class of foot-warmers, where applicable. 

Direct radiation may be installed in the class, recitation, 
domestic science and manual training rooms and labora- 
tories, assembly hall and gymnasium only in such amounts 
as to heat the rooms to a temperature of 60° F., and in 
recreation, sanitary and toilet rooms to at least 70° F., 
in zero weather. 

Provisions may be made for reversing any of the above 
circulation for use when heat is not required, or for an 
indirect heating system having a plenum or supply chamber 
below,, the floor, delivering an approved amount of air to 
the rooms through perforated chair or desk standards, or 
their equivalent, and exhausting the same through grilles in 
the center and near each corner of the ceiling, with ap- 
proved means for regulating the circulation of the air and 
temperature of the rooms. 

A hood of such size as to carry off all odors, fumes and 
gases, shall be placed over each stove in the domestic sci- 
ence room and over each demonstration table and com- 
partment in the chemical laboratory and chemical labora- 
tory lecture room. These hoods shall be connected by 
approved size ducts with ventiducts independent of those 



48 VENTILATION LAWS 

for the room ventilation, or, if the combined area of the 
hood ducts in a room is sufficient, and so arranged, no 
other exhaust from the room will be required. 

All fresh air rooms, heating chambers and heating and 
ventilating ducts or flues shall be of masonry, or metal 
of suitable gauge, thoroughly stayed and secured in place. 
All wall-inlet grilles shall be not less than 1 ft. more in 
height than the depth of the flue. Steam, hot water, elec- 
tricity, furnaces or jacketed stoves may be used for heat- 
ing. Provision shall be made, if so directed, for the in- 
stallation of a primary heating and air washing apparatus. 

The following regulations are published as Form F and 
cover "the erection, alteration and inspection of miscel- 
laneous halls." A miscellaneous hall is defined as a build- 
ing or part of a building used as a hall for entertainment, 
a place of assemblage or a place of public resort, and hav- 
ing a capacity for seating not more than 400 persons, also 
a hall for society use or a school hall, to each of which a 
certificate has been issued by an inspector. 

Definitions are also given for halls of entertainment, 
halls for places of assemblage, halls for places of public 
resort and halls for society use. 

Under "Heating and Ventilation" the regulations state: 

"The audience hall shall have such means as to insure 
the removal near the floor levels, through ventiducts with 
approved regulating dampers, of at least 2y 2 cu. ft. of air 
per minute for each foot in area of the audience hall and 
gallery floors, and to supply pure air equal in amount at 
such height from the floor as to insure proper circulation, 
with means for the proper heating of such air when neces- 
sary, with approval methods for regulating the tempera- 
ture, and sufficient means for heating as to maintain a 
temperature throughout the audience hall of 70 degrees F. 
in zero weather. The velocity of the air entering the venti- 



MASSACHUSETTS 49 

ducts shall not exceed 500 feet, and of the air entering the 
audience hall shall not exceed 350 feet, per minute. Pro- 
visions may be made for reversing the above circulation 
for use when heat is not required. The stage, corridors 
and other parts of the building, shall be properly heated 
when necessary." 

Practically the same phraseology is used in Form D, re- 
lating specifically to "special and public halls," and in Form 
D, relating specifically to "theatres." 

In this connection it should be noted that building plans 
throughout the Commonwealth are now passed upon by a 
supervisor of plans and he will not approve any that do 
not provide for ventilation from near the floor level. 



MICHIGAN 

Detroit 

A city ordinance on ventilation, passed in Detroit in 
1881 and apparently long forgotten, was brought forward 
by a number of public-spirited citizens in Detroit to secure 
better air conditions in the factories and similar places in 
that city. The full text of the ordinance is as follows : 

Chapter 125, Detroit City Ordinance. (Approved Sep- 
tember 7, 1881.) 

Section 1. No person, persons, company or corpora- 
tion shall employ, put or keep at work in any room, build- 
ing or enclosure in the city of Detroit a greater number of 
persons than shall be warranted by the laws of health or 
approved by the board of health of said city. Every man- 
ufactory, workshop, salesroom, warehouse and other place 
of like character where two or more persons are employed 
shall have suitable ventilating appliances, sufficient for the 
carrying off of all foul or impure air, and for the reduc- 
tion of the air therein to the standard of fresh air, and 
every place shall have therein in each and every work room 
at least five hundred cubic feet of air space for every 
person therein employed. 

Sec. 6. The board of health shall visit and inspect, or 
cause to be visited and inspected, by the health officer, all 
places in the city used or occupied for the purposes above 
mentioned, at least once in every two months, to see that 
the requirements of this ordinance are complied with and 
for the purpose of making complaint for any violation 
thereof. 

/ 50 



DETROIT 51 

Sec. 9. Any corporation, manufacturer, employer, agent 
or other person refusing admission to his or her factory, 
workshop, store or other place of employment or service to 
the board of health or health officer, or refusing or neglect- 
ing to comply with the provisions of this ordinance, shall 
be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars ; and in the im- 
position thereof the court may further sentence that, in 
default of the payment of the fine imposed, the offender 
be imprisoned in the Detroit House of Correction for any 
period of time not exceeding six months. 



MINNESOTA 

STATUTORY PROVISIONS 

Among the powers and duties of the superintendent of 
education, the following are enumerated in Section 6, Chap- 
ter 550, Laws of 1913 : 

"He shall prescribe rules and examine all plans and 
specifications for the erection, enlargement and change of 
school buildings, which plans and specifications shall first 
be submitted to. him for approval before contract is let, 
and no new school building shall be erected or any build- 
ing enlarged or changed until the plans and specifications 
have been submitted to and have been approved by the 
superintendent of education. He shall include in such 
rules those made from time to time by the State Board 
of Health, relative to sanitary standards for toilets, water 
supply and disposal of sewage in public school buildings. 
In all other respects the authority to make rules for pub- 
lic school buildings shall be vested in the superintendent 
of education. Under such rules and procedure as the 
superintendent or the high school board shall prescribe, he 
may condemn school buildings and sites which are unfit 
or unsafe for use as such." 

Rules of the Minnesota Department of Education 

HEATING AND VENTILATION 

Sec. 40. Capacity of Plants: 

1. All heating plants, including both direct and indirect 
radiation, must be of sufficient capacity to maintain a uni- 
form temperature of 70° F. at the breathing plane in 

52 



MINNESOTA 53 

all schoolrooms when the outside temperature does not 
fall below 20° F. Standard temperature of all school- 
rooms shall be not more than 68° F. nor less than 65° F. 
In corridors and coat rooms the temperature shall be main- 
tained at not less than 60° F. 

2. A system of ventilation shall furnish not less than 
30 cu. ft. or air per minute for each person that the 
room will accommodate in accordance with the rules gov- 
erning seating capacities of rooms. The capacity of a 
gravity system of ventilation shall be subject to test in 
accordance with this provision only when the difference 
of temperature of the outside air and the air of the 
schoolrooms shall be 40° F., or more. Ventilation sys- 
tems in connection with ventilating room heaters shall be 
subject only to the provisions hereinafter stated in sec- 
tion 49-57. Study rooms not occupied continuously to 
their full capacity shall be subject to such modifications 
as may be approved by the Commissioner of School Build- 
ings, but in no case shall a system be approved which does 
not renew the air at least four times per hour. As- 
sembly rooms must in all cases be provided with me- 
chanical systems of ventilation which will renew the air at 
least four times per hour. 

Sec. 41. Direct-Indirect Ventilation: The direct-in- 
direct system of ventilation must not be installed in any 
schoolroom. By "direct-indirect" is meant that the in- 
troduction of cold air from outside the building at the 
base or upon any part of a "direct" radiator. 

Sec. 42. Rotation of Air: Return ducts providing for 
reheating schoolroom air are prohibited, unless the air 
is passed through an air washer of approved design. Pro- 
vision in such case must be made for the introduction of 
at least 25% per cent of outside air to be mixed with the 
washed air. 



54 VENTILATION LAWS 

Sec. 43. Ventilation of Coat Rooms: Ventiducts must 
be installed in all coat rooms adjoining schoolrooms. 
Schoolroom air may be wholly or partly vented through 
coat room. Coat rooms separated from schoolrooms must 
be equipped with heat and vent ducts in the same man- 
ner and according to the same rules as schoolrooms, or 
ventilated by means of an exhaust system, on a basis of 
complete change of air not less than once every ten 
minutes. 

Sec. 44. Ventilation of Laboratories, Domestic Science 
Rooms and Toilets: Ventiducts from hoods in chemical 
laboratories, from domestic science rooms and from toilet 
rooms, shall extend independently through the roof of the 
building. Each duct shall be equipped with an aspirating 
coil, or an exhaust fan. 

Sec. 45. Ventiducts: All ventiducts must be continuous 
throughout their entire length, and must lead directly 
through roof, or to ventilator if several flues are com- 
bined. 

Sec. 46. Registers: All registers shall have an area of 
not less than 125% of the cross section area of the flue. 
In schoolrooms heat registers shall be placed about 8 ft. 
above the floor. Vent openings may be without registers. 

Sec. 47. Floor Registers: Floor registers may not be 
installed in any school building, but heat registers in coat 
rooms may be placed 8 in. above floor. 

Sec. 48. Foot Warmers: So-called foot warmers are 
not recommended, but if installed no register shall be 
placed in the floor. Registers will be permitted in the 
walls with edge at floor levels, or on sides of seats. 

VENTILATING ROOM HEATERS 

Sec. 49. Capacity of: No room heater shall be deemed 
adequate unless it shall form to the following standards: 



MINNESOTA 55 

1. For rooms of 6,000 cu. ft. or less, the grate area 
shall be not less than 180 sq. in. 

2. For rooms of 6,000 to 8,000 cu. ft., the grate area 
shall be not less than 210 sq. in. 

3. For rooms of 8,000 to 10,000 cu. ft., the grate area 
shall be not less than 240 sq. in. 

Sec. 50. Pattern of: Ventilating room heaters must be 
of approved pattern of the upright type without rims or 
projections which will in any way interfere with the free 
circulation of air inside the shield. 

Sec. 51. Shield: The shield must entirely surround the 
heater and no part thereof shall be less than 6 in. from 
the radiating surface of such heater. In no case shall 
the lower edge of the shield, be more than 14 in. nor less 
than 8 in. from the floor. It must, in every case, extend 
above the highest part of the radiating surface of the 
heater. It must be constructed in such a manner that no 
perceptible amount of heat may be radiated from it. 
Shields may not extend to the floor, and perforations or 
partial openings at the base of the shield will not be ac- 
cepted in lieu of its elevation from the floor. 

Sec. 52. Fresh Air Intake: The fresh air intake for 
all schoolrooms not exceeding 10,000 cu. ft. shall be not 
less than 175 sq. in. cross section area, and must be con- 
structed to prevent the cold air from dropping down and 
spreading out over the floor. No intake pipe of this 
dimension shall exceed 6 ft in length. Longer pipes must 
have such increased area as may be specified by the Com- 
missioner of School Buildings. 

Sec. 53. Foul Air Flue: The foul air flue shall con- 
form to either of the following standards: 

1. Single flue for smoke and foul air: Where a sin- 
gle flue is used for both smoke and foul air, the inside 
dimensions of the flue shall be 16 x 16 in. clear on the in- 



56 VENTILATION LAWS 

side throughout its entire length, and shall be provided 
with an approved mixing chamber in order to insure a 
maximum of ventilation from the waste products of com- 
bustion. This requirement shall apply to all rooms not 
exceeding 10,000 cu. ft. Larger rooms shall be subject to 
such special requirement as may be deemed necessary by 
the Commissioner of School Buildings. 

2. Foul air flue with metal smoke stack in center: 
Whenever foul air flue has metal smoke stack inside such 
foul air flue shall be constructed of double brick wall 
and be not less than 20x20 in. inside measurement. For 
a room of 10,000 cu. ft. or less the metal stack shall be 
8 in. in diameter and made of No. 16 gauge iron, and 
shall be placed in the center of the foul air flue. 

Sec. 54. Double-flue Chimney: Double-flue chimneys, 
in which it is proposed to use one flue for smoke and the 
other for the discharge of foul air, will not be approved. 

Sec. 55. Location of Foul Air Flue: The foul air flue 
shall, in all cases, be located in the same end of the room 
as the heater, and in no case shall the foul air flue be 
less than 4 ft. from the shield of the heater. 

Sec. 56. Register of Foul Air Flue: The foul air flue 
shall be equipped with a damper or a register. The 
register shall be not less than 300 sq. in. Register must 
be installed at floor level, but no register may be placed 
in floor. 

Sec. 57. Evaporating Pan: A suitable container for 
evaporating water shall be placed, preferably on the stove, 
but in every case inside the jacket. 

BASEMENT FURNACES 

Sec. 58, The heating capacity of furnaces shall be de- 
termined as follows: 



MINNESOTA 57 

1. 1 sq. ft. of grate area to every 2,500 cu. ft. of con- 
tents of schoolrooms to be heated. 

2. 1 sq. ft. of grate area to every 3,500 cu. ft. of contents 
of other rooms to be heated. 

3. Not less than 30 sq. ft. of direct heating surface to 
every square foot of grate area. 

4. Furnaces with greater direct heating surface than 
30 sq. ft. to 1 sq. ft. of grate area, or with special heat 
tubes for separate hot air leaders, shall be subject to such 
variations from the above requirements as shall be de- 
termined by the Commissioner of School Buildings. 

Sec. 59. Fresh Air Intakes: All air to be heated shall 
be drawn from outside the building into the fresh air 
intake, except that air passed through an air washer of 
approved design may be drawn from the building. The 
fresh air intakes, when located below the main floor, 
shall have a cross section area equivalent to not less than 
80% of the cross section area of all the warm air ducts. 
When fresh air is taken in above the roof, such intake 
must be not less than 25 ft. from toilet vents. Proper 
precaution must also be taken to have opening from side 
opposite chimney or toilet vents, and protected by means 
of screens or louvers. 

Sec. 60. Furnace Casing: The air space between the 
furnace and the outside casing shall have at least 25% 
more cross-sectional area than the total area of all the 
hot air leaders taken from it. 

Sec. 61. Warm Air Ducts: In a gravity system of 
ventilation, the flues for admitting warm air to any room 
on the first floor shall have a cross-section area of not 
less than 1 sq. ft. for every 160 sq. ft. of floor area in 
the schoolroom. The warm air ducts for the second floor 
shall have a cross-section area of J4 sq. ft. for every 
160 sq. ft. of floor area. 



58 VENTILATION LAWS 

Sec. 62. Ventiducts: In a gravity system of ventila- 
tion, the ventiducts from any room on the first floor shall 
have a cross-section area of not less than $i sq. ft. for 
every 160 sq. ft. of floor area of the schoolroom. The 
ventiducts from the second floor shall have a cross-section 
area of 1 sq. ft. for every 160 sq. ft. of floor area of 
schoolroom. Vent openings must be at the floor level, on 
the same side of the room as the warm air flues. If de- 
sired, part or all of the air from the schoolroom may be 
vented through coat rooms immediately adjoining this 
side of the room. Satisfactory provision must be made 
for stimulating an upward current in ventiducts. 

Sec. 63. Dampers: A ventiduct shall be provided with 
an approved damper, having an operating device in the 
room for which the ventiduct is used. 

Sec. 64. Plenum Fan Ventilation: The warm air ducts 
and the ventiducts of a plenum fan system of ventilation 
shall have a horizontal area of not less than 1 sq. ft. 
for every 270 sq. ft. of floor area of the schoolroom. 

Sec. 65. Humidity of Air: Vapor pans for moistening 
air must be installed with every furnace, and preferably 
placed inside of casing near the top. 

STEAM HEAT AND GRAVITY VENTILATION 

Sec. 66. Installation: The heating system shall be com- 
bined with the ventilation system, and whenever prac- 
ticable, the direct radiation and the indirect radiation shall 
be connected to separate mains. 

Sec. 67. Areas of Ducts: In a gravity system of ven- 
tilation, the heat ducts and the ventiducts shall each have 
a cross-section area of not less than 1 sq. ft. for every 
160 sq. ft. of floor area of the schoolroom. Fresh air 
intake shall be as specified in Section 59. 

Sec. 68. Indirect Radiation: Heat ducts shall be sup- 



MINNESOTA 59 

plied with not less than 50 sq. ft. of indirect radiation 
for each square foot of cross-section area of duct. 

Sec. 69. Accelerating Coil: Each ventiduct shall have 
the equivalent of not less than 20 sq. ft. of accelerating 
coil. 

MECHANICAL VENTILATION 

Sec. 70. Amount of Tempering Coil: In a plenum fan 
system of ventilation, air being introduced into the room 
at approximately 70° R, the amount of tempering coil 
to be installed shall be computed on a basis of not less 
than 1 sq. ft. of actual heating surface for each 14 cu. ft 
of air to be heated per minute. 

Sec. 71. Velocity Through Heater: A velocity of not 
over 1,000 ft. per minute through the heater shall be 
used as a basis for computation. 

Sec. 72. Stacks of Tempering Coil: Each stack of 
radiating coil must be valved separately. The installation 
must provide a free area which will permit a velocity of 
not more than 1,000 ft. per minute. 

Sec. 73. Size of Vertical Risers: In a plenum fan sys- 
tem of ventilation, the size of all vertical risers — heat 
ducts and ventiducts — shall be computed on a basis al- 
lowing for a velocity of from 400 to 600 ft. per minute. 
Velocities in horizontal ducts shall be estimated on a basis 
of 900 to 1,000 ft. per minute. 

Sec. 74. Diff users and Deflectors: All fresh air out- 
lets shall be equipped with a full set of diffusers and 
deflectors. 

Sec. 75. Velocity at Outlet: The velocity of the air 
through the register face shall not exceed 300 ft. per 
minute. 

Sec. 76. Distribution of Heat Ducts: When practi- 
cable, the fresh air to standard schoolrooms shall be 



60 VENTILATION LAWS 

delivered through two ducts rather than concentrated 
through one. In high school assembly and study rooms, 
the number should be increased to such an extent that an 
even distribution of air is secured. 

Sec. 77. Fans: All fans must be so designed, con- 
structed, mounted and connected with motor that they 
will operate noiselessly and without vibration. Normal 
speed of fans shall be kept as low as possible, taking 
into full consideration the type of fan to be used, the 
resistance to be overcome, and the volume of air to be 
delivered. Specifications must state explicitly the type of 
fan, its outlet velocity, its capacity, and its normal speed. 



MONTANA 

"School Laws of the State of Montana," comprising all 
the laws in force and pertaining to public schools and 
State Educational institutions, contains the following, under 
"School House Sites" (Chapter XVI), compiled March, 
1913: 

1602. Floor Space. Air. Light. — The board of health 
shall not approve plans for the erection of any school 
building or addition thereto or remodeling thereof, unless 
the same shall provide, (a) at least 15 sq. ft. of floorspace 
and 200 cu. ft. of air space for each pupil to be accom- 
modated in each study or recitation room therein; (b) at 
least 30 cu. ft. of pure air per minute per pupil shall be 
furnished by a satisfactory ventilating system, which should 
also provide means for exhausting the foul or vitiating air 
from the room. 

The light shall come from the left or from the left and 
rear of each schoolroom, and the window space shall be 
not less than one-seventh of the floor space of each room. 

1603. Penalties. — The county treasurer shall not make 
any payments on any contract arising under the provisions 
of this chapter until the contractor furnishes a certified 
statement signed by the State board of health that the plans 
and specifications of the school building to be erected or 
remodeled, have been fully approved by the State board 
of health. 



61 



NEW JERSEY 

The so-called "Stokes" law in New Jersey, passed in 
1903, regulating the ventilation of school buildings has 
been repealed and a new law passed giving the State 
Board of Education the power to make rules and regula- 
tions with reference to the construction of school build- 
ings. While the board's regulations are not published as 
statutes yet practically they are equivalent to statutes. Re- 
ferring to the rules, the inspector of building writes: 

"The reference to ventilation may appear somewhat 
ambiguous, with reference to the method of introducing 
fresh air into the classrooms, but the construction which 
we have placed upon the requirement with reference to 
fresh air is that the air shall be introduced positively, not 
relying on atmospheric conditions. We do, however, ap- 
prove of certain ventilating stoves in the smallest of 
buildings, such as one and two rooms, one story in 
height." 

The rules covering ventilation are as follows : 

"Each classroom shall have at least 18 sq. ft. of floor 
space and 200 cu. ft. of air space for each pupil to be 
accommodated in such classroom. All school buildings 
shall have a system of ventilation by means of which each 
classroom shall be supplied with fresh air at the rate 
of not less than 30 cu. ft. per minute per pupil. Ap- 
proved ventilating stoves will be allowed in all one-story 
school buildings, and in all school buildings in which the 
number of rooms does not exceed two. 

The State Board of Education strongly recommends 
the installation of a mechanical system of ventilation, 

62 



NEW JERSEY 63 

operating by electricity, gas, steam or other motive power, 
in all buildings of four or more rooms, and of two or 
more stories in height, as experience shows that gravity 
ventilation is unreliable. 

Heat and Vent Flues. All fresh and foul air ventilating 
flues and ducts must be of fireproof material and the 
flues and ducts shall not come in contact with wood 
construction. 

HEAT 

The heating plant must be capable of heating all parts 
of the building to a uniform temperature of 70° F. in 
zero weather, with the ventilating system furnishing the 
required amount of fresh air in each classroom. 

Heater Rooms. All boiler and furnace rooms shall be 
enclosed by fireproof walls, floors and ceilings, and all 
doors shall be of Underwriters' approved type firedoors, 
tin-clad, hung with proper equipment to keep them closed. 
The ceiling or floor construction over said rooms shall 
be of reinforced concrete or standard fireproof hollow 
arched tile and steel beam construction, designed to be 
absolutely fireproof and capable of sustaining a live load 
of 100 lbs. per square foot. 



NEW YORK STATE 

This law was passed by the Legislature of New York 
in 1904. (Chapter 281.) 
An Act to amend the consolidated school law, relative to 

proper sanitation, ventilation and protection from fire 

of schoolhouses. 

Sec. 517. No schoolhouse shall hereafter be erected in 
any city of the third class or in any incorporated village 
or school district of this State, and no addition to a school 
building in any such place shall hereafter be erected, the 
cost of which shall exceed $500, until the plans and speci- 
fications for the same shall have been submitted to the 
commissioner of education and his approval endorsed 
thereon. Such plans and specifications shall show in de- 
tail the ventilation, heating and lighting of such buildings. 
Such commissioner of education shall not approve any 
plans for the erection of any school building or addition 
thereto unless the same shall provide at least 15 sq. ft. 
of floor space and 200 cu. ft. of air space for each 
pupil to be accommodated in each study or recitation 
room therein, and no such plans shall be approved by him 
unless provision is made therein for assuring at least 30 
cu. ft. of pure air every minute per pupil, and the facilities 
for exhausting the foul or vitiated air therein shall be 
positive and independent of atmospheric changes. No 
tax voted by a district meeting or other competent au- 
thority in any such city, village or school district, ex- 
ceeding the sum of $500, shall be levied by the trustees 
until the commissioner of education shall certify that the 
plans and specifications for the same comply with the 

64 



NEW YORK 65 

provisions of this act. All schoolhouses for which plans 
and detailed statements shall be filed and approved, as 
required by this act, shall have all halls, doors, stair- 
ways, seats, passageways and aisles and all lighting and 
heating appliances and apparatus arranged to facilitate 
egress in cases of fire or accident and to afford the requisite 
and proper accommodations for public protection in such 
cases. All exit doors shall open outwardly and shall, 
if double doors be used, be fastened with movable bolts 
operated simultaneously by one handle from the inner 
face of the door. No staircase shall be constructed with 
wider steps in lieu of a platform, but shall be constructed 
with straight runs, changes in direction being made by plat- 
forms. No doors shall open immediately upon a flight of 
stairs, but a landing at least the width of the door shall 
be provided between such stairs and such doorway. 

This act shall take effect immediately. 

Note — It will be noted that as the law applies to cities 
of the third class, etc. (Par. 1) the non-inclusion of cities 
of the first and second class (New York and Buffalo) 
exempts them from the provisions of the law. 



NORTH DAKOTA 

A law passed in North Dakota March 6, 1911, governs 
"the construction of public school buildings and providing 
for the inspection, ventilation and sanitation thereof 
(Chapter 269, General School Laws.) 

1. Buildings inspected. Plans and specifications to be 
submitted to superintendent of public instruction. No 
building which is designed to be used, in whole or in part, 
as a public school building, shall be erected until a copy 
of the plans thereof has been submitted to the state super- 
intendent of public instruction, who for the purposes of 
carrying out the provisions of this act is hereby designated 
as inspector of said public school building plans and speci- 
fications, by the person causing its erection or by the archi- 
tect thereof; such plans shall include the method of venti- 
lation provided for, and a copy of the specifications 
therefor. 

2. Construction of school houses. Such plans and 
specifications shall show in detail the ventilation, heating 
and lighting of such building. The state superintendent 
of public instruction shall not approve any plans for the 
erection of any school building or addition thereto unless 
the same shall provide at least 12 sq. ft. of floor space and 
200 cu. ft. of air space for each pupil to be accommodated 
in each study or recitation room therein. 

(1) Light shall be admitted from the left or from the 
left and rear of classrooms and the total light area must, 
unless strengthened by the use of reflecting lenses be equal 
to at least 20 per cent of the floor space. 

(2) All ceilings shall be at least 12 ft. in height. 

66 



NORTH DAKOTA 67 

(3) No such plans shall be approved by him unless 
provision is made therein for assuring at least 30 cu. ft. of 
pure air every minute per pupil and warmed to maintain 
an average temperature of 70° F. during the coldest win- 
ter weather, and the facilities for exhausting the foul or 
vitiated air therein shall be positive and independent of 
atmospheric changes. No tax voted by a district meet- 
ing or other competent authority in any such city, village, 
or school district, exceeding the sum of $2,000.00 shall 
be levied by the trustees until the state superintendent of 
public instruction shall certify that the plans and speci- 
fications for the same comply with the provisions of this 
act. 



4. Method of Inspection and Adjustment of Grievances. 
— If it appears to the state superintendent of public in- 
struction or his deputy appointed for that particular pur- 
pose, that further or different sanitary or ventilating pro- 
visions, which can be provided without unreasonable ex- 
pense, are required in any public school building, he may 
issue a written order to the proper person or authority, 
directing such sanitary or ventilating provisions to be pro- 
vided. A school committee, public officer or person who 
has charge of any such public school building, who neglects 
for four weeks to comply with the order of said state 
superintendent of public instruction or his deputy, shall 
be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars 
nor more than one thousand dollars. 

(1) Whoever is aggrieved by the order of the state 
superintendent of public instruction or his deputy issued 
as above provided, and relating to a public school build- 
ing, may within thirty days after the service thereof, apply 
in writing to the board of health of the city, town, incor- 



68 VENTILATION LAWS 

porated village or school district to set aside or amend 
the order; and thereupon the board, after notice to all 
parties interested, shall give a hearing upon such order, 
and may alter, annul or affirm it. 

5. Ventilating flues and method of constructing same. — 
No wooden flue or air duct for heating or ventilating pur- 
poses shall be placed in any building which is subject to 
the provisions of this act, and no pipe for conveying hot 
air or steam in such building shall be placed or remain 
within one inch of any wood-work, unless protected by 
suitable guards or casings of incombustible material. 

6. Approval of plans. By whom and penalty for vio- 
lation. To secure the approval of plans showing the 
method or systems of heating and ventilation as provided 
for in section 2 the foregoing requirements must be guar- 
anteed in the specifications accompanying the plans. Here- 
after erections or constructions of public school buildings 
by architect or other person who draws plans or specifica- 
tions or superintends the erection of a public school build- 
ing, in violation of the provisions of this act, shall be pun- 
ished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor 
more than one thousand dollars. 



OHIO 

The Ohio State Building Code is being enacted into law 
in sections. In its entirety it is designed to regulate the 
construction of, repair of, alterations on and additions to 
public and other Buildings and parts thereof; also the san- 
itary condition of public and other buildings, etc. The 
complete code applies to opera houses, halls, theatres, 
churches, schoolhouses, academies, seminaries, infirmaries, 
sanitoriums, children's homes, hospitals, medical institutes, 
asylums, memorial buildings, armories, assembly halls or 
other buildings used for the assemblage or betterment of 
people in any municipal corporation, county or township 
in Ohio and refers to alterations as well as new work. 

PORTIONS OF CODE NOW IN FORCE 

The portions of the code already passed by the Legis- 
lature are: 

Part 1. Administration. 

Part 2. (Title 1.) Theatres and Assembly Halls. 

Part 2. (Title 3.) School Buildings. 

Part 2. (Title 7.) Workshops, Factories and Public 
Buildings. 

Part 1 contains the act providing for the administra- 
tion of the code. In section 1 it is stated that "it shall be 
the duty of the chief inspector of workshops and factor- 
ies or building inspector, or commissioner of buildings in 
municipalties having building departments to enforce all 
the provisions herein contained for the construction, ar- 
rangement and erection of all public buildings or parts 

69 



70 VENTILATION LAWS 

thereof, including the sanitary condition of the same, in 
relation to the heating and ventilation thereof." 

In Section 5 it is stated that "nothing herein contained 
shall be construed to limit the control of municipalities 
from making further and additional regulations not in con- 
flict with any of the provisions of this act contained nor 
shall the provisions of this act be construed to modify or 
repeal any portions of any building code adopted by a 
municipal corporation and now in force which are not in 
direct conflict with the provisions of this act." 

Section 6 states that "the provisions of this act shall not 
apply to the construction or erection of any public buildings 
or to any addition thereto or alteration thereof, the plans 
and specifications of which have been heretofore submitted 
to and approved by the chief inspector of workshops and 
factories. The provisions of this act shall not apply to the 
construction, erection or equipment of any public build- 
ing, addition thereto or alteration thereof, the contract for 
the construction, erection or equipping of which has been 
let or entered into prior to the date at which this act takes 
effect." 

Failure to comply with the act constitutes a misdemeanor 
and is punishable by a fine up to $1,000. 

As already stated, the special requirements for the de- 
sign, construction and equipment of the buildings referred 
to are contained in Part 2. The buildings are classified 
as follows : 

Title 1. Theatres and assembly halls. 

Title 2. Churches. 

Title 3. School buildings. 

Title 4. Asylums, hospitals and homes. 

Title 5. Hotels, lodging houses, apartments and tene- 
ment houses. 

Title 6. Club and lodge buildings. 



OHIO 71 

Title 7. Workshops, factories and mercantile establish- 
ments. 

Buildings or parts of buildings used only for the specific 
purposes mentioned under their respective title and classi- 
fication shall be designed, constructed and equipped as 
called for under such title and classification. Buildings 
used for two or more different kinds of occupancy and 
combining the classifications covered under two or more 
different titles shall be designed, constructed and equipped 
according to all of the various sections of the different 
titles affecting such buildings or parts of such buildings. 

TITLE 1 (PART 2). — THEATRES AND ASSEMBLY HALLS 

Under the classification "theatres" are included all build- 
ings or parts of buildings in which persons congregate to 
witness spectacular, vaudeville, burlesque, dramatic or op- 
eratic performances, or other buildings or parts of build- 
ings in which scenery is used, or in which motion pictures 
are thrown upon canvas, screens or wall. 

Under the classification of "assembly halls" are in- 
cluded all buildings or parts of buildings in which persons 
are assembled for entertainment or amusement, including 
halls used for lodge rooms or dancing, and, all places 
where persons congregate to witness vaudeville, burlesque, 
dramatic or operatic performances, to hear speakers or 
lecturers, to listen to operas, concerts or musical entertain- 
ments in which no scenery is used and no motion pictures 
are thrown upon canvas, screens or walls, and seating or 
accommodating 100 or more persons. 



Sec. 8. Heater Room. Furnaces, hot water heating 
boilers and low pressure steam boilers may be located in 
the buildings, providing the heating apparatus, breeching, 



72 VENTILATION LAWS 

fuel room and firing room are inclosed in a standard fire- 
proof heater room and all openings into the same are cov- 
ered by standard self-closing fire doors. 

No boiler or furnace shall be located under the audi- 
torium, stage, lobby, passageways, stairways, exits of a 
theatre; or, under any exit, passageway or lobby of an 
assembly hall. No cast iron boiler carrying more than 10 
lbs. pressure or steel boiler carrying more than 35 lbs. pres- 
sure shall be located within the main walls of any theatre 
or assembly hall. 



Sec. 30. Heating and Ventilating. — A heating system 
shall be installed which will uniformly heat all parts of the 
building to a temperature of 65° F. in zero weather. 

All parlors, retiring, toilet and check rooms, and all 
assembly halls used in connection with and a necessary 
adjunct to a church, school building, lodge building, club 
house, hospital or hotel shall be heated by an indirect sys- 
tem combined with a system of ventilation which will 
change the air not less than six times per hour. All other 
assembly halls and theatre auditoriums shall be heated 
and ventilated by a system which will supply to each audi- 
tor not less than 1,200 cu. ft. of air per hour. 

The system to be installed where a change of air is re- 
quired shall be either a gravity or mechanical furnace sys- 
tem, gravity indirect steam or hot water, or a mechanical 
indirect steam or hot water system. 

No stove or open grate shall be used in any theatre or 
assembly hall, except water heaters, furnaces and boilers. 

No stove pipe shall be more than 5 ft. long, measuring 
horizontally, unless the same be enclosed in a standard fire- 
proof heater room, nor shall any stove pipe come closer 
to any combustible material or ceiling than 3 ft. 



OHIO 73 

The fresh air supply shall be taken from outside the 
building and no vitiated air shall be reheated. The vitiated 
air shall be conducted through flues or ducts to and be 
discharged above the roof of the building. 

No floor register for heating or ventilating shall be 
placed in any aisle or passageway. 

No coil or radiator shall be placed in any aisle or pas- 
sageway used as an exit, but said coils and radiators may 
be placed in recesses formed in the wall or partitions pro- 
viding no part of the radiator or coil projects beyond the 
wall line. 

TITLE 3. SCHOOL BUILDINGS 

This applies to public and private schools, also libraries, 
museum and art galleries, and "all buildings or structures 
containing one or more rooms used for the assembling of 
persons for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, or for 
mental training." 

The heating and ventilating of such "school buildings" is 
provided for in Section 21 as follows : 

Sec. 21. Heating and Ventilation. — A heating system 
shall be installed which will uniformly heat all corridors, 
hallways, play rooms, toilet rooms, recreation rooms, as- 
sembly rooms, gymnasiums and manual training rooms to 
a uniform temperature of 65° F. in zero weather; and will 
uniformly heat all other parts of the building to 70° F. in 
zero weather. (Exceptions. Rooms with one or more 
open sides used for open air or outdoor treatment.) 

The heating system shall be combined with a system of 
ventilation which will change the air in all parts of the 
building except the corridors, halls and storage closets not 
less than six times per hour. 

The heating system to be installed where a change of 
air is required, shall be either standard ventilation stoves 



74 VENTILATION LAWS 

(Part 3, Title 10), gravity or mechanical furnaces, gravity 
indirect steam or hot water, or a mechanical indirect steam 
or hot water system. Where wardrobes are not separated 
from the classroom they shall be considered as part of the 
classroom and the vent register shall be placed in the 
wardrobe. Where wardrobes are separated from the class- 
rooms, they shall be separately heated and ventilated the 
same as the classrooms. 

The bottoms of warm air registers shall be placed not 
less than 8 ft. above the floor line, except foot warmers 
which may be placed in the floors of the main corridors 
or lobbies. 

Vent registers shall be placed not more than 2 in. above 
the floor line. 

The fresh air supply shall be taken from the outside of 
the building and no vitiated air shall be reheated. The 
vitiated air shall be conducted through flues or ducts and 
be discharged above the roof of the building. 

A hood shall be placed over each and every stove in the 
domestic science room, over each and every compartment 
desk or demonstration table in the chemical laboratories 
and chemical laboratory lecture rooms, of such a size as 
to receive and earn- off all offensive odors, fumes and 
gases. These ducts shall be connected to vertical ventilat- 
ing flues placed in the walls and shall be independent of 
the room ventilation as previously provided for. 

Where electric current is available, electric exhaust fans 
shall be placed in the ducts of flues from the stove fixtures 
in domestic science rooms and chemical laboratories, and 
where electric current is not available, and a steam or hot 
water system is used, the main vertical flues from the above 
ducts shall be provided with accelerating coils of proper 
size to create sufficient draft to carry away all fumes and 
offensive odors. 



OHIO 75 

Blowers in workshops and factories, including rooms for 
manual training are taken up in General Code, State of 
Ohio, Section No. 1027. 

Section 5 referring to Heater Rooms, states that "fur- 
naces, hot water heating boilers and low pressure steam 
boilers may be located in the buildings, providing the heat- 
ing apparatus, breeching, fuel room and firing room are 
enclosed in a standard fireproof heater room, and all open- 
ings into the same are covered by standard self-closing 
fire doors. 

"No boiler or furnace shall be located under any lobby, 
exit, stairway or corridor. 

"No cast-iron boiler carrying more than 10 lbs. pressure 
or steel boiler carrying more than 35 lbs. pressure shall 
be located within the main walls of any school building." 

REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSPECTION OF THE 

INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF OHIO FOR THE HEATING 

AND VENTILATION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS, 

HOSPITALS, ASYLUMS AND HOMES 

A special publication issued by the Department of In- 
spection of the Ohio Industrial Commission summarizes 
the requirements in the various classes of buildings, in 
part, as follows : 

It will be noted that the provisions for the heating and 
ventilating of churches, asylums, hospitals and homes, are 
not statutory, because these requirements were not passed 
upon by the legislature when the State Building Code was 
enacted into law. 

However, these provisions are legal since this depart- 
ment is given authority by law to examine and pass upon 
plans and specifications for buildings of this class and it 
is, therefore, necessary that the department adopt a code 
of regulations for the guidance of architects and engineers 



76 VENTILATION LAWS 

in preparing their plans and specifications, so that they may 
know what requirements will have to be met in order to 
secure the department's approval, which is required before 
building operations are commenced. 

CLASSIFICATION 

A. Theatres. 

Includes all buildings containing a stage with movable 
scenery or a motion picture machine. 

B. Assembly Hall. 

Includes all Assembly Halls or rooms, except Churches 
and Theatres. 

C. Churches. 

Includes all buildings used for Christian worship or re- 
ligious instruction. 

D. School Buildings. 

Includes all Public, Parochial and Private Schools, Col- 
leges, Academies, Seminaries, Libraries, Museums and Art 
Galleries. 

E. Asylums, Hospitals and Homes. 

Includes all buildings used for the detention, refuge, pro- 
tection, treatment or care of the abandoned, homeless, in- 
firm, helpless, blind, deaf, diseased in body or mind, incor- 
rigible youths and felons. 

(This classification does not include Hotels, Tenement 
Houses or Private Residences.) 

TEMPERATURE 

A heating system shall be installed which will uniformly 
heat the various parts of the building to the following tem- 
peratures in zero weather. 



OHIO 77 

Theatres and Assembly Halls, 
All parts of the building, except storage rooms, to 65° F. 

Churches. 

Auditorium, social and assembly rooms, 65° F. 
All other parts of the building, except storage rooms, 
to 70° F. 

School Buildings. 

Corridors, hallways, play rooms, toilets, assembly rooms, 
gymnasiums and manual training rooms, 65° F. 
All other parts of the building to 70° F. 

Hospitals, Asylums and Homes. 

Operating rooms, 85° F. 

All other parts of the building, except storage rooms, 
to 70° F. 

CHANGE OF AIR 

The heating system shall be combined with a system of 
ventilation which at normal temperature will change the 
air the following number of times or supply to each person 
the following number of cubic feet of air per hour: 

Theatres. 

Parlors, retiring, toilet and check rooms, 6 changes per 
hour. 

Auditoriums, 1,200 cu. ft. of air per person per hour. 

Assembly Halls. 

When used in connection with a school building, lodge 
building, club house, hospital or hotel, six changes per 
hour; and in all other assembly halls, 1,200 cu. ft. of air 
per hour per person. 



78 VENTILATION LAWS 

Churches. 

Auditoriums, assembly rooms and social rooms six 
changes per hour. 

School Buildings. 

All parts of the building, except corridors, halls and 
storage rooms, six times per hour. 

Under "Registers" are the following provisions : 

(h) Warm Air Registers in Schoolrooms — Location 
of. — The lower edge of the warm air registers in school- 
rooms shall be located not less than 8 ft. above the floor 
line, except where the height of story is insufficient; in 
these cases the registers shall be placed close to the ceiling. 

(i) Vent Registers in Schoolrooms — Location of.— 
Vent registers in schoolrooms shall be placed with the 
lower edge of opening not more than 2 ins. above the 
floor. 

Where hot air furnaces are installed, detailed provisions 
covering such installation are contained in Section 196-13 
to 196-16. Additional sections provide for the proper con- 
struction and arrangement of hearths, laundry stoves, dry- 
ing rooms, gas ranges, ranges for hotels, etc.; bake ovens, 
core and annealing ovens. 

Section 196-24 provides for the protection of wood 
around heating apparatus. Wherever any heating appa- 
ratus in which fires are maintained are located in cellars, 
the top of such heating apparatus shall not be less than 
18 ins. from any wood-work. 

The construction of standard fireproof heater rooms is 
contained in Section 196-25. 

The penalty for violations of the code is a fine to be 
not less than $25 nor more than $500. 

(See also Ohio laws governing factory and building in- 
spection, Page 132.) 



OHIO 79 

Heating and Ventilating Sections of Cleveland's 
Building Code 

In the building code of the city of Cleveland provision 
is made for the regulation of the ventilation and heating 
of school houses, tenements, theatres, department stores, 
the idea being to promote better conditions of hygiene in 
these buildings. 

The code provides that halls, auditoriums, schoolrooms, 
theatres and other places of public assembly or entertain- 
ment shall have in continuous operation, while occupied, 
a system of ventilation that will provide at least 25 cu. ft. 
of outside air per minute for each person for whom seat- 
ing accommodation is provided. Department stores shall 
have a mechanical system of ventilation that will provide 
the following numbers of complete air changes per hour : 
Basements used for retailing merchandise, locker rooms, 
rest rooms and other rooms that are required by ordinance 
to be ventilated, six changes of air per hour ; ground floor, 
six changes per hour; floors above the first four changes 
per hour, unless natural ventilation is provided. 

A mechanical system of exhaust ventilation is required 
for kitchens connected with restaurants that will exhaust 
the air six times per hour. However, if the restaurant 
and its kitchen are not separate, six changes per hour are 
required for both the restaurant and its kitchen. In fac- 
tories in which there is less than 20 sq. ft. of floor space 
for each employee, a mechanical system of ventilation is 
required that will provide six changes of air per hour. If 
more than 20 sq. ft. of floor space is provided for each 
employee, a system of ventilation is required that will 
provide four changes of air per hour, unless natural ven- 
tilation is provided as required by the city ordinance. In 
hospitals, jails, asylums, homes for the aged, houses of 



80 VENTILATION LAWS 

correction and detention, etc., where there are sleeping ac- 
commodations for more than ten persons, ventilation sys- 
tems are required in dormitories, cell blocks, wards, public 
sitting rooms, toilet rooms, and in other rooms where the 
inmates congregate. 

SYSTEM OF CHURCH VENTILATION 

Churches with a seating capacity of over 300, or where 
the clere-story height is less than 15 ft. must have a me- 
chanical system of ventilation providing six changes of 
air per hour. If the seating capacity is less than 300 or if 
the clere-story height is 15 ft. or more, a modified system 
of ventilation which shall meet the approval of the engi- 
neer shall be installed. 

The amount of carbon dioxide in any new building in 
the foregoing classifications shall not be permitted to ex- 
ceed ten parts per 10,000 parts of air. The amount of car- 
bon dioxide in buildings erected prior to the enactment of 
the code shall not exceed 12 parts per 10,000 parts of air. 
If tests of ventilation show that i the percentage of carbon 
dioxide in the air is greater than the maximum prescribed, 
the building inspector may require additional ventilation, 
even if the requirements of the code as to air changes 
have been complied with. 

An exception to these standards of ventilation is made 
in the case of storage rooms and vaults or where manu- 
facturing processes would be materially interfered with. 
However, the code provides that the air in such places 
shall not be permitted to become detrimental to health or 
safety. 

No part of the fresh air supply is to be taken from the 
cellar or basement. No person shall be exposed to any 
direct draft from any air inlet. All poisonous and noxious 
gases and all dust which is of a character that is injurious 



OHIO 81 

to health in manufacturing plants must be removed by me- 
chanical ventilation or exhaust devices. 

VENTILATION OF TOILET ROOMS 

The code provides that the ventilation system for toilet 
rooms shall not be connected with any other ventilating 
system in the building, but shall be a complete system dis- 
charging above the roof. Compartments containing no 
more than four water closets and without sufficient out- 
side windows must have a gravity or mechanical system 
of exhaust ventilation that will change the air six times 
per hour. Compartments with more than four water 
closets and having sufficient outside windows shall have a 
gravity or mechanical system of exhaust that will change 
the air six times per hour. In the latter case, if the out- 
side windows are insufficient, a mechanical system must 
be used that will provide six changes per hour. Rooms 
containing latrines or urinals with local vents are to be 
ventilated through the fixtures, and when such ventilation 
does not provide six changes per hour, additional ventila- 
tion must be provided. Wire or cloth screens are re- 
quired for filtering air in all fresh air openings unless 
some other approved method is provided. 

No floor registers will be allowed in any aisle or passage- 
way excepting in churches, and no register there shall be 
larger than 18 in. square. In theatres, churches, etc., at 
least one-fifth of the ventilated air shall be removed by 
registers located near the floor. No radiator or other 
heating device shall be supported on any supply or return 
piping construction to the same, but must be carried on 
the floor or on hangers fastened to the floor, wall or 
ceiling. 

Warm air furnaces must be supplied with fresh air 
from outside the building through a duct having an area 



82 VENTILATION LAWS 

of at least 60% of the area of all warm air pipes. This 
fresh air duct may have a by-pass connection to the vesti- 
bule or hall near an outer door, but no such connection 
shall be permitted for the use of air from the cellar. 
Floor furnaces are prohibited. 



OREGON 

While Oregon has no State law on the subject of heat* 
ing and ventilation, the city of Portland has a provision 
in its building code which states: 

Sec. 518. Every hall, auditorium or room of every 
building hereafter erected for or converted to use as a 
school house, factory, workshop, theatre or place of pub- 
lic assembly or entertainment, shall have in continuous 
operation while occupied a system of ventilation so con- 
trived as to provide 25 cu. ft. per minute of outer air for 
each occupant, and for each light other than electric light. 

Or when any room or space is so proportioned as not 
to allow each occupant, if children, 600 cu. ft, and if 
adults 1,000 cu. ft. of fresh air per hour, or less than 
three times such amounts, in sick rooms or hospitals, by 
natural means without exposure to improper air currents, 
then such rooms shall be ventilated by artificial means. 



83 



PENNSYLVANIA 

Pennsylvania enacted a ventilation law in April, 1905, 
entitled an act for the purpose of governing the construc- 
tion of public school buildings in order that the health, 
sight and comfort of all pupils may be properly protected. 
It reads as follows: 

Whereas, it is of great importance to the people of this 
Commonwealth that public school buildings hereafter 
erected by any board of education, school trustees or 
school directors shall be properly heated, lighted and ven- 
tilated. 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of 
Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in 
General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the 
authority of the same. That, in order that due care may 
be exercised in the heating, lighting and ventilating of 
public school buildings hereafter erected, no schoolhouse 
shall be erected by any board of education or school dis- 
trict in this State, the cost of which shall exceed $4,- 
000.00, until the plans and specifications for the same shall 
show in detail the proper heating, lighting and ventilating 
of such building. 

Sec. 2. Light shall be admitted from the left or from 
the left and rear of classrooms, and the total light area 
must, unless strengthened by the use of reflecting lenses, 
equal at least twenty-five per centum of floor space. 

Sec. 3. Schoolhouses shall have in each classroom at 
least 15 sq. ft. of floor space and not less than 200 cu. ft. 
of air space per pupil, and shall provide for an approved 
system of indirect heating and ventilation, by means of 

84 



PENNSYLVANIA 85 

which each classroom shall be supplied with fresh air at 
the rate of not less than 30 cu. ft. per minute for each 
pupil and warmed to maintain an average temperature of 
70° F. during the coldest weather. 

Sec. 4. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith 
are hereby repealed. 

Philadelphia 

Commenting on the practice adopted by the engineering 
department of the Board of Public Education of Phila- 
delphia, J. D. Cassell, superintendent of heating plants 
for the board, writes, under date of September 19, 1914 : . 

"Since 1912 we have changed our method of plenum heat- 
ing, from indirect stacks of radiators placed at the bottom 
of each heat flue, to direct radiators or coils placed under 
the windows or along the exposed surfaces of the rooms 
to be heated, proportioning this surface to compensate for 
the heat unit loss of the equivalent glass surface. The 
temperature of the rooms is controlled by automatically 
operating the valves of the radiators or coils. 

"We have also discarded the former use of underground 
air ducts and adopted the overhead system of air ducts, 
and are now heating the fresh air, furnished for ventilat- 
ing, to a temperature between 70° to 80° F." 



TENNESSEE 

During 1913 a law was enacted creating a department 
of workshop and factory inspection (Chapter 11). This 
law was revised in 1915 (Chapter 170, Acts of 1915). 

Sec. 2 of the revised law states that "said deputies re- 
ferred to herein (deputy factory inspectors of the De- 
partment of Workshop and Factory Inspection) shall have 
the power and authority to order such changes as may 
by them be considered necessary to accomplish the high- 
est degree of health, safety, comfort and efficiency pos- 
sible." 

Sec. 5 reads, "Every factory, workshop, association, or 
other establishment in which five or more persons are 
employed shall be so ventilated while work is carried 
on therein that the air shall not become exhausted as to 
become injurious to the health of the persons employed 
therein, and shall also be so ventilated as to render harm- 
less, as far as practicable, all gases, vapors, dust or other 
impurities generated in the course of the manufacturing 
process or handicraft carried on therein. 

Sec. 6 reads, "in every factory, workshop, association, 
or other establishment where work or process is carried 
on by which dust, filaments, or injurious gases are pro- 
duced or generated, that are liable to be inhaled by persons 
employed therein, the person, firm or corporation by 
whose authority the said work or process is carried on 
shall cause to be provided and used in said workshop, 
factory, association, or other establishment, exhaust fans, 
conveyors, receptacles, or blowers with pipes and hoods 
extending therefrom to each machine, contrivance or ap- 

86 



TENNESSEE 87 

paratus by which dust, filaments, or injurious gases are 
produced or generated ; or provide other mechanical means 
to be maintained for the purpose of carrying off or re- 
ceiving such dust, filaments, devitalized air, or other im- 
purities as may be detrimental to the health of those in, 
about, or in connection with such place as herein men- 
tioned. Provided, that if natural ventilation sufficient to 
exclude the harmful element above enumerated be pro- 
vided, the requirement of this Section shall have been 
complied with by such firm, corporation, association, or 
other establishment as herein mentioned. Said fans, 
blowers, pipes and hoods shall be properly fitted and ad- 
justed and of power and dimensions sufficient to ef- 
fectually prevent the dust, filaments, or injurious gases 
produced or generated by said machines, contrivances, or 
apparati from escaping into the atmosphere of the room 
or rooms of said factory, workshop, or other establish- 
ment where persons are employed. 

Sec. 11 provides for penalties for failure to comply 
with the law, such penalties running from $50.00 to $100. 



The detailed rules in effect for the installation and 
maintenance of exhaust ventilating apparatus, for remov- 
ing dust, vapors, odors, etc., are accompanied by the 
statement that the department is prepared to furnish blue 
print specifications, to be modified, enlarged, or changed 
to meet the requirements of any particular plant or in- 
dustry. 



UTAH 

An Act of 1907 by the Utah State Legislature, and which 
went into effect in 1909, contains the following in Chap- 
ter 32, Section 1823 : 

LAWS OF UTAH, 1909 

Section 1. That Section 1823, Compiled Laws of Utah, 
1907, be, and the same is amended to read as follows : 

1823. Plans of New Buildings to be Submitted to 
Commission. When necessary for the welfare of the 
schools of the district, or to provide proper school privi- 
leges for the children therein, or whenever petitioned so 
to do by one-fourth of the resident taxpayers of the dis- 
trict, the board shall call a meeting of the qualified voters, 
as defined in Section 1811, at some convenient time and 
place fixed by the board, to vote upon the question of 
selection, purchase, exchange, or sale of a schoolhouse, or 
for payment of teachers' salaries, or for current expenses 
of maintaining schools. The chairman of the board, shall 
be chairman, and the clerk of the board secretary to such 
meeting. 

In case either of these officers is not present, his place 
shall be filled by some one chosen by the voters present. 
Notice, stating the time, place and purpose of such meet- 
ing, shall be posted in three public places in the district 
by the clerk of the District Board at least 20 days prior 
to such meeting. If a majority of such voters present at 
such meeting shall by vote select a schoolhouse, site, or 
shall be in favor of the purchase, exchange, or sale of a 
designated schoolhouse site, or of the erection, removal, 



UTAH 89 

or sale of a schoolhouse, as the case may be, the board 
shall locate, purchase, exchange or sell such site, or erect, 
remove or sell such schoolhouse, as the case may be, in ac- 
cordance with such vote ; provided, that it shall require a 
two-thirds vote to order the removal of a schoolhouse. 

Provided that no schoolhouse shall hereafter be erected 
in any school district of this state not included in cities of 
the first and second class, and no addition to a school build- 
ing in any such place the cost of which schoolhouse or 
addition thereto shall exceed $1,000 shall hereafter be 
erected until the plans and specifications for the same 
shall have been submitted to a commission consisting of the 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Secretary 
of the State Board of Health, and an architect to be ap- 
pointed by the Governor, and their approval endorsed 
thereon. Such plans and specifications shall show in detail 
the ventilation, heating and lighting of such buildings. The 
commission herein provided shall not approve any plans 
for the erection of any school building or addition thereto 
unless the same shall provide at least 15 sq. ft. of floor 
space and 200 cu. ft. of air space for each pupil to be ac- 
commodated in each study or recitation room therein, and 
no such plans shall be approved by them unless provision 
is made therein for assuring at least 30 cu. ft. of pure air 
per minute for each pupil and the facilities for exhausting 
the foul or vitiated air therein shall be positive and inde- 
pendent of atmospheric changes. No tax voted by a dis- 
trict meeting or other competent authority in any such 
school district shall be levied by the trustees until the 
commission shall certify that the plans and specifications 
for the same comply with the provisions of this act. All 
schoolhouses for which plans and detailed statements 
shall be filed and approved, as required by this Act, shall 
have all halls, doors, stairways, seats, passageways, and 



90 VENTILATION LAWS 

aisles, all lighting and heating appliance and apparatus ar- 
ranged to facilitate egress in cases of fire or accident and 
to afford the requisite and proper accommodations for 
public protection in such cases. 

No schoolhouse shall hereafter be built with the furnace 
or heating apparatus in the basement or immediately under 
such building. 



VERMONT 

Under date of January 1, 1916, the State Board of 
Health of Vermont issued a set of rules and regulations 
which include, among other things, requirements for heat- 
ing and ventilating school buildings and also motion pic- 
ture theatres. The board's authority is based on the fol- 
lowing law in effect in Vermont: 

Sec. 5412. The words "public buildings," as used in this 
chapter, shall mean churches, court houses, jails, munici- 
pal rooms, state and county institutions, railroad stations, 
school buildings, school and society halls, hotels and res- 
taurants more than two stories high, all buildings more 
than two stories high used or rented for tenements, 
boarders or roomers, and places of amusement one story 
or more in height; also factories, mills, workshops or 
other buildings more than two stories high, in which per- 
sons are employed above the second story. 

Sec. 5413. Said board shall take cognizance of the 
interests of life and health of the inhabitants of the 
State, * * * and, when requested, or when, in their opin- 
ion, it is necessary, shall advise with municipal officers in 
regard to drainage, water supply and sewerage of towns 
and villages, and in regard to the erection, construction, 
heating, ventilation and sanitary arrangements of public 
buildings. * * * 

Sec. 5416. Said board shall, when necessary, issue to 
local boards of health its regulations as to the lighting, 
heating and ventilation of schoolhouses, and shall cause 
sanitary inspection to be made of churches, schoolhouses 
and places of public resort, and make such regulations 

91 



92 VENTILATION LAWS 

for the safety of persons attending the same as said board 
deems necessary. Public buildings now standing or here- 
after erected shall conform to the regulations of said 
board in respect to sanitary conditions and fire escapes 
necessary for the public health and for the safety of in- 
dividuals in such public buildings. 

A person, corporation or committee intending to erect 
a public building shall submit plans thereof showing the 
method of heating, plumbing, ventilation and sanitary ar- 
rangements to said board, and procure its approval thereof, 
before erecting such building. 

Sec. 5417. A person, corporation or committee which 
erects a public building without the approval and without 
complying with the regulations of the State board of 
health as provided for in the preceding section, shall be 
fined not more than five hundred dollars nor less than 
one hundred dollars, and shall make such building to con- 
form to the regulations of said board before the same 
is used, otherwise such building shall be deemed a nuis- 
ance, and be put in proper condition by the local health 
officer under the direction of said board at the expense 
of the owner. 

Sec. 5418. Said board may examine or cause to be ex- 
amined a school building or an outhouse and condemn 
the same as unfit for occupation or use, and the building 
or outhouse so condemned by written notice served upon 
the chairman of the board of school directors or the per- 
son having such school in charge shall not be occupied or 
used until the same is repaired and the sanitary condi- 
tion approved by the State board of health ; provided that 
said board shall not issue any order, the compliance with 
which would necessitate the expenditure by a town in 
any one year for repairing or erecting school buildings 
of a sum in excess of twenty per cent of the grand list 



VERMONT 93 

of the town. A person who violates a provision of this 
section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars nor less 
than five dollars. 

The following regulations are intended for architects, 
corporations, committees, or other persons intending to 
erect or repair public building : 

GENERAL REGULATIONS 

1. Plans and specifications for all new work, altera- 
tions or repairs on public buildings, including plans for 
plumbing, heating, ventilation and fire escapes, shall be 
submitted for approval to the State Board of Health, and 
copies of such plans and specifications, when approved, 
shall be filed with said board. 

SPECIAL REGULATIONS FOR SCHOOLHOUSES 

10. Construction of Building. — a. The size of the 
building shall be determined according to the maximum 
number of pupils to be accommodated, due allowance 
being made for future demands. 

b. The floor area shall be at least 18 sq. ft. for each 
pupil. 

c. The cubic air space shall be not less than 200 cu. ft. 
of space for each pupil. 

d. The standard height of room shall be 12 ft., and 
nothing less than this shall be used except by special 
permission of the State Board of Health. 

e. The windows shall be of sufficient size and so ar- 
ranged as to give ample light to every part of the room. 
The glass area of the windows shall be not less than 
one-fifth of the floor area. The windows shall be car- 
ried as close to the ceiling as the casing will permit. 

13. Heating and Ventilation. — a. The heating appara- 



94 VENTILATION LAWS 

tus shall be of sufficient size to warm all rooms to 70° F. 
in any weather. 

b. For ventilation, not less than 30 cu. ft. of pure air 
per minute for each pupil shall be supplied, and it shall 
be so introduced that there shall be no uncomfortable 
drafts. 

c. The difference in temperature between any two 
points on the breathing plane shall not exceed 3°. 

d. The ventilating flues shall be of sufficient size to 
readily introduce and remove the requisite amount of 
air into and from the room. 

e. Inlets for fresh air shall be placed 8 ft. above the 
floor. Outlets for foul air shall be at or near the floor 
level. Inlet and outlet ducts shall be placed on the same 
side of the room. Outlet ducts shall be heated unless 
an adequate fan system is used. 

f. Where other systems of heating cannot be provided, 
as in one-room rural schools, jacketed stoves, arranged 
with the approval of the State Board of Health, shall 
be required. 

g. In all systems of heating, provision must be made 
for controlling the temperature to avoid overheating by 
the introduction of cold air through suitable mixing 
dampers. 

h. In all systems of heating, provision must be made 
for introducing a proper amount of moisture into the 
atmosphere of the room. 

RULES GOVERNING THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF PICTURE 

THEATRES AND HALLS WHERE MOTION PICTURES ARE 

GIVEN, ISSUED UNDER AUTHORITY OF SECTIONS 

5416 AND 5417 OF THE PUBLIC STATUTES 

These regulations as adopted by the State Board 
of Health apply to all commercial picture-houses or 



VERMONT 95 

halls regularly used for the exhibition of motion 
pictures. 

MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR SPACE AND VENTILATION 

Floor Area. A minimum of 4 1/3 sq. ft. of floor area 
as a seating space per occupant, exclusive of aisles and 
public passage ways, shall be provided in the audience hall. 

Cubic Space. A minimum of 80 cu. ft. of air space 
per seat shall be provided in the audience hall. 

Quantity of Outdoor Air. A positive supply of out- 
door air from an uncontaminated source shall be provided 
in the audience hall at all times while the show is open 
to the public, and the quantity of this supply of out- 
door air shall be based on a minimum requirement of 
15 cu. ft. per minute, per occupant. 

Temperature. The temperature of the air in the audi- 
ence hall shall at all times, while the show place is open 
to the public, be maintained throughout at the breathing 
line (persons being seated) within the range of 62° F. to 
70° F. (except when the outside temperature is sufficiently 
high not to require the air supply for ventilation to be 
heated). The temperature distribution and diffusion of 
the supplied outdoor air shall be such as to maintain the 
temperature requirement without uncomfortable draughts. 

Direct Heat Sources, Any good heat source which does 
not contaminate the air will be accepted to supplement the 
warmed outdoor air supply. Gas radiators are prohibited. 

Machine Booth Ventilation. Enclosures or booths for 
the motion picture machines shall be provided with spe- 
cial exhaust ventilation, with a capacity to exhaust at all 
times not less than 60 cu. ft. of air per minute through 
a one-machine booth, not less than 90 cu. ft. of air per 
minute through a two-machine booth and not less than 



96 VENTILATION LAWS 

120 cu. ft. of air per minute through a three-machine 
booth. 

This requirement shall include a number of small metal 
screened openings (equipped with special dampers and 
automatic appliance with fusible link to automatically 
close tight in case of fire in booth) on the sides of the 
booth near the bottom of the same, aggregating 180 sq. 
in. for a one-machine booth, 210 sq. in. for a two-machine 
booth, and 240 sq. in. for a three-machine booth; and this 
booth exhaust ventilation shall also include a metal or 
other fire-proof flue extending from the top or side at 
top of booth and carried to proper place of discharge 
out of doors. The ventilation should be augmented by 
mechanical or other means, so as to exhaust at least the 
quantity of air herein stated. The size of this special 
fireproof vent flue shall not be less than 96 sq. in. clear 
area for a one-machine booth, not less than 120 sq. in. 
clear area for a two-machine booth, and not less than 
144 sq. in. for a three-machine booth, and this special vent 
flue shall be provided with an adjustable damper operated 
from the booth and equipped with an automatic ap- 
pliance and a fusible link to operate to automatically 
open the damper wide in case of fire in the booth. The 
machine booth ventilation shall be kept in operation at 
all times when the booth is in use. 



VIRGINIA 

An Act for the purpose of regulating the construction of 

public school buildings in order that the health, sight 

and comfort of all pupils may be properly protected. 

(Chapter 187). Approved March 11, 1908. 

1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, 

that the State Board of Inspectors for Public School 

Buildings shall not approve any plans for the erection of 

any school building or room in addition thereto unless the 

same shall provide at least 15 sq. ft. of floor space and 200 

cu. ft. of air space for each pupil to be accommodated 

in each study or recitation room therein, and no such plans 

shall be approved by said board unless provision is made 

therein for assuring at least 30 cu. ft. of pure air every 

minute per pupil, and the facilities for exhausting the foul 

and vitiated air therein shall be positive and independent 

of atmospheric changes. All ceilings shall be at least 

twelve feet in height. 

Extract from Amendments and New Laws of the Gen- 
eral Assembly of 1898. 



97 



REGULATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BOARD 
OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS FOR THE IN- 
STALLATION OF BLOWER SYSTEM 
FOR HEATING AND VENTI- 
LATING, STOCK AND REF- 
USE CONVEYING 

(Recommended by the National Fire Protection Asso- 
ciation.) 

The following requirements covering the installation 
of blower systems for heating and ventilating and for stock 
and refuse conveying, were originally set forth by the Na- 
tional Fire Protection Association and were adopted last 
year by the National Board of Fire Underwriters : 

Blower systems, which are often an economic necessity, 
usually introduce an additional hazard contributing to the 
cause and spread of fire, particularly when used for con- 
veying stock and refuse. It is impossible to eliminate the 
fire hazard from such systems, but reasonable safeguards 
can be provided to reduce it. 

The general standards applicable to blower systems are 
sub-divided into two classes : (a) heating and ventilating 
systems and (b) stock and refuse conveying systems. 

CLASS A. HEATING AND VENTILATING SYSTEMS 

1. Blowers (the word blowers is used to include blowers 
and fans). 

(a) Blowers shall be so located as to be accessible for 
repairing and lubricating. 



RULES OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS 99 

(b) Casings to be strongly built and properly rein- 
forced where necessary; joints shall be air-tight. Casings 
and runners shall be entirely non-combustible, and large 
enough not to require overspeeding. To prevent accidents, 
openings into casings shall be protected with substantial 
screens or their equivalent. 

(c) Bearings and journals shall be constructed in ac- 
cordance with the best modern machine design and so pro- 
portioned as to prevent overheating. The bearings shall be 
self-oiled and so designed as to prevent leakage of oil. 
They shall be located outside of casings or ducts wherever 
possible. If located inside of casings or ducts, oilless self- 
lubricating bearings shall be used, made of bronze bush- 
ings fitted with plugs, such as graphite or metaline. 

2. Ducts (the word ducts is used to include ducts, 
flues, pipes and tubes). 

(a) Openings through floors for the circulation of air 
from one story to another shall not be used. 

(b) Entire system of ducts shall be self-contained; no 
rooms, hallways, attics, hollow spaces, voids, nor other 
portions of the building shall be used for air chambers or 
ducts, unless by fire-resisting construction, and then only 
by permission of the inspection department having juris- 
diction. 

(c) Ducts shall be made of galvanized iron or other 
approved non-combustible material. The same applies to 
enclosures of steam coils used for heating air. 

(d) Shall be thoroughly braced. 

(e) Shall be substantially supported by metal hangers, 
brackets, or their equivalent. 

(f) Where subject to mechanical injury, ducts shall be 
properly protected. 

(g) In no case shall the clearance between any metal 



100 



VENTILATION LAWS 



ducts and combustible material be less than 1 in. More 
than 1 in. is usually desirable. 

(h) The passing of ducts through fire walls should be 
avoided wherever possible. Where ducts pass through 
fire walls they shall be provided with automatic dampers, 
or national standard vertical automatic fire doors, located 
on each side of the wall through which they pass. (See 
Fig. 1). 

(i) All ducts passing through floors shall be made of 
or protected throughout by approved fire resisting ma- 



mm\\\mm^ 




terials, such as 4-in. brick, hollow tile, or 2-in. cement 
plastered partition supported by a substantial steel frame. 

(j) Where vertical ducts serve more than one floor, 
automatic dampers shall be provided on all outlet openings 
directly from such vertical ducts, and at all connections 
with branch ducts from such vertical ducts (See Figs. 
2 and 3). 

(k) Joints between ducts and floors, walls or parti- 
tions, must be made tight by non-combustible material. 

(1) Outlets on supply and exhaust ducts should always 



RULES OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS 



101 



mmmm 

Cmiitng. 



/ron Dampa, 
sScretn- 
/Ingk /ron Stops 
iSpr/fq Co fen 




JT/Kh*mg Hf/f> 



I 
I 



Fig. 2— Typical Automatic Damper. 




'j9ng?*/ru?7rkitTt* 



Fig. 3— Typical Automatic Shutter. 



102 VENTILATION LAWS 

be protected by means of register faces or wire 
screens. 

(m) Intake of air to be from outside except in re- 
circulating systems, and shall be taken only from areas 
containing non-combustible material. Intakes must be pro- 
tected with rolling shutters or heavy doors. 

Intake and intake rooms, steam coils and blowers, etc., 
shall be segregated in a room cut off by fire-resisting par- 
titions from other portions of the building. 

(n) Blower system should preferably have an emer- 
gency or automatic control to shut them down in case of 
fire. This may be done automatically by means of de- 
vices utilizing fusible links, thermostats, or automatic 
sprinklers. Such installations to be subject to the approval 
of the inspection department having jurisdiction. 

3. Ventilation of Cooking Appliances. 

(a) Ventilating ducts used to carry off the grease-laden 
vapors from hoods over cooking appliances, especially in 
kitchens of large restaurants and hotels, shall be con- 
structed similarly to boiler furnace flues (See Field Prac- 
tice), and, if of metal, must be of not less than No. 16. 
U. S. gauge, so substantially built and well separated 
from all combustible material that a "flash" fire burning 
out the grease and gum on the interior of the duct will 
not endanger anything outside of it. 

(b) The ventilating ducts shall be an independent sys- 
tem in no manner connected with other house ventilating 
systems. 

(c) Ducts should not be connected to stacks, chimneys 
or flues used for other purposes. 

(d) A live steam jet should preferably be provided at 
the end of the duct nearest the cooking appliances. 



RULES OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS 103 



CLASS B. STOCK AND REFUSE CONVEYING SYSTEMS 

The high velocity of the air and the inflammability of 
the stock or refuse which these systems are usually de- 
signed to handle make them especially hazardous. 

The specific requirements of a ventilating system de- 
tailed under class "A" shall be applied to the stock and 
refuse conveying systems, also the following: 

4. Blowers. 

(a) Blowers shall be installed on proper foundations 
and secured in place in a manner subject to the approval 
of the inspection department having jurisdiction. 

(b) Bearings of blowers shall not extend inside of 
blower casings or ducts. 

(c) It is recommended that oilless self -lubricating bear- 
ings be used, made of bronze bushings with plugs such as 
graphite or metaline. 

(d) Connections between discharge end of blower and 
main duct must be made so as to prevent leakage of fine 
dust. 

(e) Blowers through which inflammable materials pass 
shall have blades of composition, copper or brass. Ample 
clearance shall be provided for all blades. 

5. Ducts. 

(a) Ducts for conveying stock and refuse shall be 
made of suitable non-combustible materials, preferably 
galvanized iron. All joints shall be riveted and soldered. 

(b) Lock joints are acceptable for longitudinal seams 
in pipes used under suction. All such joints shall be 
made dust proof. 

(c) Spiral pipes shall be riveted and soldered. 

(d) Provision shall be made for the wear due to fric- 



104 VENTILATION LAWS 

tion, at all points of change of direction, by making long 
bends, by using heavier metal, and in case where abrasive 
materials are to be conveyed, by inserting an approved 
form of inside lining that may readily be renewed. 

(e) Suitable tight-fitting sliding clean-out doors shall 
be provided on all conveyor ducts at sufficient intervals to 
facilitate cleaning of ducts or removing obstructions. 

(f) Suction ducts shall be provided at all machines 
producing dust or combustible refuse, and shall be con- 
nected to exhaust fans. 

(g) "Sweep-up" pipes should be so protected as not to 
admit material which would be large enough to damage 
blower. 

(h) Trunk line should be run on the outside wall of 
the building with ducts from each machine and each floor, 
passing out directly through the wall and discharging into 
the trunk line. If inside of building, the trunk duct shall 
be overhead rather than under the benches. 

(i) The air vents from the system shall discharge out- 
side of building. 

(/) Where dust or readily inflammable material can ac- 
cumulate on or near blowers and ducts, they shall be 
grounded to prevent ignition of these materials from a dis- 
charge of static electricity such as may be generated by a 
belt. 

6. Automatic Sprinklers. 

There shall be an approved sprinkler near the feed end, 
and at the discharge outlet, inside the condenser, if such is 
used, and also a sprinkler to protect the blower. In some 
cases, sprinklers may be installed inside the ducts. Such 
sprinklers should be arranged in an off-set or dome-shaped 
casing and not in the direct path of the draft. Sprinklers 



RULES OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS 105 

with smooth deflectors that will not catch the flying stock 
are desirable. 

7. Cyclone Collectors or Separators. 

(a) The cyclones or separators shall be outside the 
building, and so located as not to constitute a hazard to 
adjacent structures. Their construction and supports shall 
be of incombustible material. If the cyclone of necessity 
is placed within 10 ft. of wooden walls, inflammable struc- 
tures, or openings into buildings, it shall be provided with 
a metal pipe extending to a point above the main roof, or 
other safe location. 

(b) The refuse from the cyclones and separators is to 
discharge by gravity into a vault as described in Section 9. 

(c) If the discharge from the cyclone or separator con- 
veys the refuse directly to the fire boxes of boilers, the 
feed spout shall have an open end discharging into a suit- 
able receiver near the furnace, so that when the furnace 
gets choked the refuse will fall out on the boiler room 
floor giving the fireman a warning, also it would prevent 
"back fire" when the fan blowing the refuse is stopped. 

(d) The air vent from the separator must not be con- 
nected to a chimney. 

(e) If the air vent carries objectionable dust, as in the 
case of refuse, such as from grain elevators, etc., the use 
of a simple air washer, or other suitable filter, is recom- 
mended for eliminating the dust. 

A screen shall be installed in the air vent to prevent 
sparks from entering. 

8. Special Cases. 

(a) Readily ignitible stock, such as cotton, should not 
pass through the fan. The system shall never be con- 



106 VENTILATION LAWS 

nected directly to picker or other hazardous machines. 
Systems handling such stock shall operate entirely under 
suction with a device such as a "condenser," or large sep- 
arating chamber to discharge the stock from the pipe or 
conduit before it reaches the fan. Stock should be fed to 
system preferably by hand. Stock shall enter such a sys- 
tem in an upward direction and the pipe shall continue up- 
ward for a least 10 ft. to allow any heavy substances or 
foreign material in the stock to drop out. If the pipe 
must leave the room at a lower level, a long radius in- 
verted U may be used to obtain the necessary vertical 
distance. 

(b) Systems using mixtures of cotton and wool which 
cannot be handled by condensers and which operate under 
fan pressure, shall discharge to non-combustible bins or 
boxes with outside vents through screens. 

(c) Conditions which approach those favorable for ex- 
plosive mixtures should be subject to a special investiga- 
tion. 

(d) The dust from sand-papering machines, granula- 
tors and pulverizers, buffing or polishing wheels, emery 
wheels and from other machines producing a very fine 
dust, shall have a suction system independent of the 
cyclone, which connects with the refuse vault. 

The dust should be settled by spraying in an enclosed 
chamber of incombustible material, thus eliminating the 
hazard of the dust room. Dust from the machines may 
also be discharged directly into running water if suitable 
provision is made for its collection and removal. 

(e) For mills, such as malt, cereals, sugar, celluloid, 
etc., it is recommended that an explosion flap be provided 
in a metal pipe leading outside of the building so that in 
case of an explosion in the mill the flap may open and the 
explosion spend itself outside the building. 



RULES OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS 107 

9. Vaults. 

(a) Vaults for shavings, refuse, etc., shall be located 
outside of building. Walls, floor and roof shall be of 
brick or other approved fire-resisting material. 

(b) Openings, if any, between vault and boiler room 
should not exceed 9 sq. ft., and bottom of opening be not 
less than 6 in. above the level of boiler room floor. Open- 
ings shall be located at least 8 ft. from the firing door of 
boiler, preferably at right angles and protected by a stand- 
ard automatic fire door. 

(c) Roof of vault shall be provided with proper ven- 
tilating opening not less than 6 in. in diameter. As a pro- 
tection from the weather this opening may be fitted with a 
suitable metal ventilator. 

(d) Vaults shall be protected by approved automatic 
sprinklers. Where such protection is not available, steam 
jets may be installed for fire extinguishing purposes. (For 
details see "Field Practice.") 

(e) Where dust-producing machines are used only on 
a small scale, the dust or refuse may, by special permis- 
sion of the inspection department having jurisdiction, dis- 
charge into a substantial metal dust box, or other approved 
receptacle located outside the building, in lieu of a vault. 
The receptacle shall have a hinged door or cover, which 
will readily open and vent a fire or explosion within. 

(/) A water tank may be used in lieu of the dust box. 
In such cases the tank should be provided with water sup- 
ply, overflow and drain pipes. On the water supply pipe 
a proper float-controlled valve shall be installed to main- 
tain a constant water level. It is recommended that the 
end of duct be submerged into the water at least one inch. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR THE HEATING AND 
VENTILATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 

Measures Taken in Thirteen States to Insure Suitable 
Working Conditions in Factories 

While the factory inspection laws of all the States pro- 
vide in a general way for healthful working conditions in 
factories, workshops and mercantile establishments, there 
are apparently but thirteen States that have definite regu- 
lations on the subject. These are New York, Massa- 
chusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Pennsyl- 
vania, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Wisconsin and 
California. 



CALIFORNIA 

The factory ventilation law in California provides that 
"Every factory or workshop in which five or more persons 
are employed shall be so ventilated while work is carried 
on therein that the air shall not become so exhausted as to 
be injurious to the health of the persons employed therein, 
and shall also be so ventilated as to render harmless, as 
far as practicable, all the gases, vapors, dust, or other im- 
purities generated in the course of the manufacturing pro- 
cess or handicraft carried on therein, that may be injurious 
to health." 

The law also provides for the removal of dust, filaments 
or injurious gases by means of exhaust fans or blowers 
together with the usual system of pipes and hoods. 

108 



ILLINOIS 

The Illinois law regarding the heating and ventilation of 
factory buildings is probably the most explicit of any so 
far enacted in this country. It is entitled, "An act to pro- 
vide for the health, safety and comfort of employees in 
factories, mercantile establishments, mills and workshops 
in Illinois and to provide for the enforcement thereof." 
(Reenacted and approved June 29, 1915. In force July 1, 
1915.) 

Section 10 reads : "In every factory, mercantile estab- 
lishment, mill or workshop, where one or more persons 
are employed, adequate measures shall be taken for secur- 
ing and maintaining a reasonable and, as far as possible, 
equable temperature, consistent with the reasonable re- 
quirements of the manufacturing process. No unnecessary 
humidity which will jeopardize the health of employees 
shall be permitted." 

The meat of the law is in Section 11 which reads: "In 
every room or apartment of any factory, mercantile estab- 
lishment, mill or workshop, where one or more persons are 
employed, at least 500 cu. ft. of air space shall be provided 
for each and every person employed therein, and fresh air, 
to the amount specified in this act, shall be supplied in 
such a manner as not to create injurious drafts, nor cause 
the temperature of any such room or apartment to fall 
materially below the average temperature maintained : 
Provided, where lights are used which do not consume 
oxygen, 250 cu. ft. of air space shall be deemed sufficient. 
All rooms or apartments of any factory, mercantile estab- 
lishment, mill or workshop, having at least 2,000 cu. ft. of 

109 



110 VENTILATION LAWS 

air space for each and every person employed in each 
room or apartment, and having outside windows and doors 
whose area, shall not be required to have artificial means 
of ventilation; but all such rooms or apartments shall be 
properly aired before beginning work for the day and dur- 
ing the meal hours. All such rooms, or apartments, hav- 
ing less than 2,000 cu. ft. of air space, but more than 500 
cu. ft. of air space, for each and every person employed 
therein, and which have outside windows, and doors whose 
area is at least one-eighth of the floor area, shall be pro- 
vided with artificial means of ventilation, which shall be 
in operation when the outside temperature requires the 
windows to be kept closed, and which shall supply during 
each working hour at least 1,500 cu. ft. of fresh air for 
each and every person employed therein. All such rooms 
or apartments, having less than 500 cu. ft. of air space for 
each and every person employed therein, all rooms or 
apartments having no outside windows or doors, and all 
rooms or apartments having less than 2,000 cu. ft. of air 
space for each and every person employed therein, and in. 
which the outside window and door area is less than one- 
eighth of the floor area, shall be provided with artificial 
means of ventilation, which will supply during each work- 
ing hour throughout the year, at least, 1,800 cu. ft. of fresh 
air for each and every person employed therein : Pro- 
vided, that the provisions of the preceding portions of this 
section shall not apply to storage rooms or vaults : And, 
provided, further, that the preceding portions of this sec- 
tion shall not apply to those rooms or apartments in which 
manufacturing processes are carried on which from their 
peculiar nature would be materially interfered with by the 
provisions of this section. No part of the fresh air sup- 
ply required by this section shall be taken from any cellar 
or basement. 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 111 

"The following terms of this section shall be interpreted 
to mean : the air space available for each person is the 
total interior volume of a room, expressed in cubic feet, 
without any deductions for machinery contained therein, 
divided by the average number of persons employed 
therein. 

"Outside windows and doors are those connecting di- 
rectly with the outside air; the window and door area is 
the total area of the windows and doors of all outside open- 
ings; and the floor area is the total floor area of each 
room." 

"Sec. 12. All factories, mercantile establishments, mills 
or workshops shall be kept free from gas or effluvia aris- 
ing from any sewer, drain, privy or other nuisance on the 
premises. All poisonous or noxious fumes or gases aris- 
ing from any process, and all dust of a character injurious 
to the health of the persons employed, which is created in 
the course of a manufacturing process, within such fac- 
tory, mill or workshop, shall be removed, as far as prac- 
ticable, by either ventilating or exhaust devices/' 

Sec. 20 covers the ventilation of toilet rooms to the 
effect that, "where practicable, they shall direct ventilation 
with the outside air; where it is impracticable (to so locate 
them), they shall be placed in an enclosure * * * and sep- 
arately ventilated. 

Sec. 25 * * * When general changes relative to the loca- 
tion and spacing of machinery or to ventilation have been 
made and such changes comply with the provisions of this 
act, such arrangements, conditions remaining the same, 
shall not be disturbed by any requirement of the chief state 
factory inspector or his deputies within the period of twelve 
months. 

Fines for failure to comply with the foregoing pro- 
visions run from $10.00 to $50.00 for the first offense, and 



112 VENTILATION LAWS 

from $25.00 to $200.00 for the second or subsequent offense. 
Section 1 of the "Ice Cream Law" provides, "That all 
building or rooms occupied by butterine and ice cream 
manufacturers shall be drained and plumbed in a manner 
conducive to the proper and healthful sanitary condition 
thereof, and shall be constructed with air shafts, win- 
dows and ventilating pipes sufficient to insure ventilation. 
The Factory Inspector shall direct the proper drainage, 
plumbing and ventilation of such rooms or buildings." 

PRACTICE OF THE ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF FACTORY INSPEC- 
TION 

"We have no specific requirements as to heating, but you 
will note that Section 11 provides that artificial ventila- 
tion, when required, must be applied in a manner which 
will not cause injurious drafts or materially alter the tem- 
perature of the room." — Oscar F. Nelson, Chief. 



INDIANA 

The Indiana Law on ventilation of industrial buildings 
states that "there shall be sufficient means of ventilation 
provided in each workroom of every manufacturing or 
mercantile establishment, laundry, renovating works, 
baker, or printing office within the state, and the chief in- 
spector shall notify the owner in writing to provide or 
cause to be provided ample and proper means of ventila- 
tion for such workroom." 

Owners or agents are to be prosecuted for non-compli- 
ance with the law within twenty days. The law also pro- 
vides for exhaust fans for carrying off dust from emery 
wheels, grindstones and dust creating machinery, the size 
of mains, etc., being specified. 



IOWA 

In Iowa there is a law relating to exhausting systems 
for emery wheels or emery belts of any description, or 
tumbling barrels used for rumbling or polishing castings. 
"Any factory, workshop, print shop," the law adds, "or 
other place where molten metal or other material which 
gives off deleterious gases or fumes is kept or used, shall 
be equipped with pipes or flues so arranged as to give easy 
escape to such gases or fumes into the open air, or pro- 
vided with other adequate ventilators." 



113 



KANSAS 

Factory ventilation requirements in Kansas are contained 
in Sees. 10425 and 10426 of the General Statutes of 1915, 
and read as follows : 

Sec. 10425 — Further powers. The commissioner of la- 
bor and industry as State factory inspector, his deputies, 
assistants and special agents, shall have power to enter 
any factory or mill, work shop, private works or State in- 
stitution having shops or factories, mercantile establish- 
ments, laundry or any other place of business where and 
when labor is being performed, when the same are open or 
in operation, for the purpose of gathering facts and statis- 
tics such as are contemplated by this act and to examine 
into the methods of protection from danger to employees 
and the sanitary conditions in and around such buildings 
and places and to keep a record thereof of such inspec- 
tion. If it shall be found upon such investigation that the 
heating, lighting, ventilation or sanitary arrangement of 
any such establishment or place is such as to be injurious 
to the health of persons employed or residing therein, or 
that the means of egress in case of fire or other disaster 
are not sufficient, or that the belting, shafting, gearing, ele- 
vators, drums, saws, cogs or machinery, in any such estab- 
lishment or place are so located, or are in a condition so as 
to be dangerous, or are not sufficiently guarded, or that 
the vats, pans or any other structures filled with molten 
metal or hot liquid are not surrounded with proper safe- 
guards for preventing accidents or injury to those em- 
ployed at, or near them, or that the construction or condi- 
tion of any building or buildings, or any boiler, machin- 

114 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 115 

ery or other appurtenance in or about any place as de- 
scribed in this section is such as to be dangerous or injuri- 
ous to the persons employed or residing therein, or that 
the methods of operation are such as to be unnecessarily 
dangerous or injurious to the persons employed or residing 
therein, or that any other condition which is within the 
control of the owner, proprietor, agent or lessee of any 
such building, establishment or place be found to be dan- 
gerous or injurious to any persons employed therein or to 
any other person or persons, the officer making such in- 
spection shall notify in writing the owner, proprietor, agent, 
or lessee of such building, establishment, or place, to pro- 
vide such safeguards or safety devices, or to make such 
alterations or additions or to make the changes in meth- 
ods of operation by him deemed necessary for the safety 
and protection of the employees or other persons endan- 
gered by such conditions, and it shall be the duty of the 
person or persons receiving such notice to use all proper 
diligence to comply with the recommendations contained in 
said notice, and immediately upon completion thereof to 
mail or deliver a written notice to the commissioner of la- 
bor at Topeka, Kansas, stating that said safeguards or 
safety devices have been provided or that said alterations 
or additions or changes in methods of operation have been 
fully made, and if such safeguards or safety devices are 
not provided, or said alterations or additions, or changes 
in methods of operation are not made, and the commis- 
sioner of labor notified thereof, as provided herein, within 
thirty days, or within such time as such safeguards or safe- 
ty devices can be provided or said alterations or additions 
or said changes in methods of operation can be made, and 
the commissioner of labor notified thereof, with proper 
diligence upon the part of such owner, proprietor, agent 
or lessee, said owner, proprietor, agent or lessee so notified 



116 VENTILATION LAWS 

shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon com- 
plaint of the commissioner of labor, as State factory in- 
spector, or his deputy or special agent, before a court of 
competent jurisdiction, and upon conviction thereof shall 
be fined in a sum of not less than twenty-five dollars nor 
more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not 
more than ninety days, or by both such fine and impris- 
onment. 

Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from 
and after its publication in the official State paper. 

Approved March 8, 1917. 

Published March 26, 1917. 



MASSACHUSETTS 

PRACTICE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING INSPECTION DE- 
PARTMENT OF THE DISTRICT POLICE 

"This Department has no regulations relating to the 
heating and ventilating of factory buildings, but such work 
is taken up only in special cases by the State Board of 
Labor and Industries, and applies to factories where buff- 
ing and grinding wheels, etc., are used; and to the ventila- 
tion of sanitaries in factory buildings. The matter of heat- 
ing and ventilating factories has not been compulsory ex- 
cept in special cases in certain factories on account of the 
processes used in manufacturing and also on account of 
the number of employees distributed in rooms to operate 
the machines, etc. The Massachusetts law provides that, 
if so directed, plans for heating and ventilation shall be 
filed with the plan of the building thereof."— J. J. Carey, 
Deputy Chief. 



MICHIGAN 

In Michigan, a law provides for exhaust systems for 
carrying off dust from emery wheels and grindstones and 
dust creating machinery "wherever deemed necessary by 
the factory inspector." There is also a rule covering the 
ventilation of foundries and detailed directions are given 
for complying with the law. 



117 



MINNESOTA 

The Minnesota law after specifying that each employee 
must have not less than 400 cu. ft. of air space unless re- 
duced by a special order of the Commissioner of Labor, 
goes on to provide for "sufficient means of ventilation" 
where excessive heat is created, or if steam, gases, vapors, 
dust or other impurities that might be injurious to health, 
are generated. 



118 



NEW JERSEY 

The New Jersey law provides for exhaust systems in 
workshops for the removal of industrial dust, noxious 
fumes, excessive heat and humidity. Regarding sizes of 
rooms, it is specified that not less than 250 cu. ft. of air 
space shall be provided for each employee, between 6 a. m. 
and 6 p.m., and not less than 400 cu. ft. of air space be- 
tween 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. Regarding the ventilation of the 
factory itself, the law, as amended by act approved Feb- 
ruary 26th, 1912, reads as follows : 

"The owner, agent or lessee of a place coming under the 
provisions of this act shall provide, in each workroom 
thereof, proper and sufficient means of ventilation, and 
shall maintain proper and sufficient ventilation; if exces- 
sive heat be created or if steam, gases, vapors, dust or 
other impurities that may be injurious to health be gener- 
ated in the course of the manufacturing process carried on 
therein, the room shall be ventilated in such a manner as 
to render them harmless, so far as is practicable; in case 
of failure, the Commissioner of Labor shall order such ven- 
tilation to be provided." 

Compliance with the law must be made within twenty 
days on penalty of $10.00 fine for each day beyond that 
limit. Exhaust fans must also be provided in foundries 
where smoke, steam, dust or noxious gases are not 
promptly carried off by the general ventilation. The re- 
quirements for mercantile establishments state that "the 
owner, agent or lessee of a place coming under the pro- 
vision of this act, or employer, shall provide in each mer- 

119 



120 VENTILATION LAWS 

cantile establishment proper and sufficient means of ven- 
tilation; in case of failure, the commissioner shall order 
such ventilation to be provided." 

A similar penalty clause is added as for workrooms. 

The State Department of Labor publishes a pamphlet 
on "Sanitary and Engineering Industrial Standards" for 
workshops in the State. 



NEW YORK 

Under the present so-called "Labor Law" in New York 
State all matters pertaining to the heating and ventilation 
of industrial buildings are in the hands of an industrial 
commission under whose direction the State Department 
of Labor is conducted. According to the law, this commis- 
sion "shall have the power to make rules and regulations 
for and fix standards of ventilation, temperature and hu- 
midity in factories and may prescribe the special means, if 
any, required for removing impurities or for reducing ex- 
cessive heat, and the machinery, apparatus or appliances 
to be used for any of said purposes, and the construction, 
equipment, maintenance and operation thereof, in order to 
effectuate the purposes of this section." 

The law also provides for a bureau of inspection which 
includes the bureau of factory inspection. 

The general terms of the law covering factory ventila- 
tion are as follows: 

Section 86. 1. The person operating every factory 
shall provide in each workroom thereof, proper and suf- 
ficient means of ventilation by natural or mechanical 
means, or both, as may be necessary, and shall maintain 
proper and sufficient ventilation and proper degrees of 
temperature and humidity in every workroom thereof at all 
times during working hours. 

2. If dust, gases, fumes, vapors, fibers or other im- 
purities are generated or released in the course of the busi- 
ness carried on in any workroom of a factory, in quanti- 
ties tending to injure the health of the operatives, the per- 
son operating the factory, whether as owner or lessee of 
the whole or a part of the building in which the same is 
situated, or otherwise, shall provide suction devices that 

121 



122 VENTILATION LAWS 

shall remove said impurities from the workroom at their 
point of origin where practicable, by means of proper 
hoods connected to conduits and exhaust fans of sufficient 
capacity to remove such impurities, and such fans shall 
be kept running constantly while such impurities are being 
generated or released. If, owing to the nature of the 
manufacturing process carried on in a factory workroom, 
excessive heat be created therein, the person or persons 
operating the factory as aforesaid shall provide, main- 
tain, use and operate such special means or appliances as 
may be required to reduce such excessive heat. 

As regards mercantile establishments a special section 
(Section 168-f) states that "every mercantile establish- 
ment shall be provided with proper and sufficient means of 
ventilation by natural or mechanical means, or both, as may 
be necessary and there shall be maintained therein proper 
and sufficient ventilation and proper degrees of tempera- 
ture and humidity at all times during working hours. The 
industrial board shall make rules for and fix standards of 
ventilation, temperature and humidity in mercantile estab- 
lishments.' , 

RULES MADE BY THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION 

In accordance with the foregoing sections of the "Labor 
Law," the Industrial Commission has promulgated a num- 
ber of rules which have come to be known as the "Indus- 
trial Code." They are published, as compiled up to July 
1, 1916, by the State Department of Labor, together with 
the law itself. 

Following are the rulings bearing on the matters of heat- 
ing and ventilation: 

Rule 160. Ventilation. Every dressing room shall have 
at least one window or skylight opening directly to the out- 
door air or air shaft, which shall be so constructed and 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 123 

maintained as to be easily opened at least one-half of its 
required area, except that in case a separate hospital or 
emergency room is provided and maintained at all times 
for the exclusive use of females and such room has a win- 
dow or skylight opening to the outdoor air, the dressing 
room shall not be required to have such window or sky- 
light. 

Rule 161. Every dressing room, washroom or locker 
room enclosed by walls which extend to the ceiling, unless 
provided with windows which have an area opening di- 
rectly to outdoor air, not less than one-tenth of the floor 
area, shall have exhaust ventilation equal to not less than 
six changes of air per hour at all times when such rooms 
are in use. A skylight shall be deemed the equivalent of a 
window, provided that it has fixed or movable louvres 
with openings of the net openable area prescribed for such 
window. In any such room, enclosed by walls which do 
not extend to the ceiling, the commissioner may require 
such ventilation as may be necessary. 

Rule 162. Heating and Illumination. Every dressing 
room shall be heated to a temperature of not less than 
58° F., and shall be so lighted that all parts of the room 
are easily visible. If daylight is not sufficient for this 
purpose, artificial illumination shall be maintained at all 
times when the room is in use. 

Rule 556 refers to the removal of smoke, steam, gases 
and dust from foundries. It is specified that "where 
smoke, steam, gases or dust arising from any of the 
operations of the foundry are dangerous to health and 
where a natural circulation of air does not carry off such 
smoke, steam, gases or dust, there shall be installed and 
operated hoods, ventilators, fans or other mechanical 
means of ventilation approved by the commissioner of 
labor." 



124 VENTILATION LAWS 

Rules 700-716 gives the appliances to be applied for the 
removal of dust, gases and fumes from grinding, polishing 
and buffing wheels, including the sizes of branch pipes, size 
of main pipes and fan inlets and outlets suction, arrange- 
ment and construction of pipes, etc. 

Rule 718 provides for the removal of fumes, vapors and 
gases emitted or created in connection with some twenty 
special processes of manufacture. 

Rule 721 gives similar arrangements for the removal of 
lead dusts and fumes in the manufacture or use of white 
lead, red lead, litharge, sugar of lead, arsenate of lead, 
lead chromate, lead sulphate, lead nitrate or fluo-silicate, 
or in the manufacture of pottery, tiles or porcelain 
enameled sanitary ware, including the corroding or oxidiz- 
ing of lead, and the crushing, mixing, sifting, grinding and 
packing of all lead salts or other compounds. 

"Recommendations for the size of the cyclone separator 
or dust collector," states the code, "are hard to give, as the 
separator must be proportioned to suit operating conditions, 
light dusts requiring a larger separator than heavy dusts. 
The following table, reproduced from the catalogue of a 
prominent separator manufacturer, gives dimensions of 
separators stated to be suitable for metallic dusts and 
wood shavings. A separator should be selected the area of 
whose inlet is at least as large as the area of the dis- 
charge pipe from the fan. For light buffing dusts, lint, 
etc., the air outlet from the top of the separator should 
be so large that the velocity of discharge will not exceed 
300 to 480 ft. per minute; a separator should be selected 
of which the other dimensions are proportionate. The air 
outlet should be provided with a proper canopy or elbow 
to exclude the weather, but should be otherwise unob- 
structed. There should be ample clearance under the sep- 
arator for the accumulation or storage of the dust which 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 
Dust Separators 



125 



1 



.fi- 



if 



!' 



Openings is Skpabatob' 



r 






-3i 

.g 



n 

h-aj 
3J 



rsa 



ill 



Dimensions o» 
Sepakatob 



1*41 



^9 
III 









"ft 



5... 
6... 
7... 
or 
8... 
9... 
10... 
11,.. 
or 

12... 
13... 
or 

14... 
15... 
16... 
or 

17... 
18... 
19... 
or 

20... 
21... 
22... 
23.. 
or 

24... 
25.. 
26.. 
27.. 
28... 
».. 
30.. 
31.. 
or 
32.. 
33,. 
34.. 
35~ 
86.. 
or 
37.. 
38.. 
39., 
or 
40.. 
41. 



20 
28 
38 
or 
50 
63 
78 



113 
133 
or 
154 
177 
.201 
or 
227 
254 
283 
or 
314 
346 
380 
415 
or 
452 
491 
531 
572 
621 
660 
707 
754 
or 
804 
855 
908 
962 
1,017 
or 
1,075 
1,134 
1,194 

.or 
1,256 
1,320 



2*x 9 
3 xlO* 

3*xl3 

4*xl6 
5 xl8 

5*x21 



6*x24 
7 x27 

| 8 x30 
8*x32 

: 9 x35 

9 x40 

10 x41 

Il0*x43 

11 x45 
11 x48 

11 x5l 
ll*x54 

12 x57 
,12 x60 

12*x63 

13 x66 
13*x69 

14 *72 

|l4*x75 

15 x7& 

J 15| x 81 

16 x84 



23 
32 

47 

'72 
90 

115 



156 

189 

240 

272 

315 

360T 
410 

451 

495 
528 
561 
621 
684. 
720 

807 

858 

932 

1,008 

1,087 

1,170 

1,255 

1,344 



8* 
10 

13 

15 
17 

20 



26 

28 

31 

33 

36 
39 

# 

44 
46 
49 
62 
55 
58 

61 

64 
C7 
70 

73 

76 
79 
82 



56 

78 

132 

176 
227 

314 

433 

531 

615 

754 

855 

1,017 
1,194 

1,320 

1,520 
1,662 
1,885 
2,123 
2,375 
2,642 

2,922 

3*217 
3,525 
3,848 

4,185 

4,536 

4,901 

5.281 



4 

6 

6 
6 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 
10 

11 

11 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 

13 

13 
13 
14 

14 

14 

14 

14 



29* 
35* 

411 

47* 
53* 

59* 



65* 

71* 

77* 

83* 

89* 

93* 
97* 

101* 

105* 
109* 
113* 
117* 
121* 
125* 

129* 

133* 
137* 
141* 

145* 

149* 

153* 

157* 



14 
15* 

18* 

21 

23 

26 



26* 
32* 

37* 

43* 
50 

56 



61* 

67* 

72* 

77* 

82* 

85* 
89 

93 

97 

99* 



118* 

122* 
126[ 
129* 

133* 

137* 

141* 

145* 



\ 



70 
100 

14fr 

175 
245 

315 

395 
490 
575 
715 

875 

930 
1,000 

1,095 

1.455 
1,600 
1,700 
1855 
2,035 
2,155 

2,250 

2,420 
2,555 
2,745 

^2,900 

3,065 

3,235 

3,395 



126 VENTILATION LAWS 

should never be allowed to pile up as high as the bottom 
of the separator. 

"To give a sample illustration, the appended drawing 
shows an exhaust system laid out in conformity with these 
specifications for eight 14-in. emery wheels. For eight 14- 
in. buffing wheels, the branch pipes would have to be not 
less than 4J4 in. in diameter, and the increased size of the 
main suction duct and the fan determined in accordance 
with Rule 703. The main discharge pipe and the cyclone 
separator should be considerably larger for buffing wheels 
than for emery wheels. 

"The following table gives the diameter in inches of the 
main suction duct at any point for any number of uniform- 
size branch pipes when the area of the main at any point 
is made equal to the combined areas of the branch pipes 
preceding that point plus 20%, the minimum required by 
these specifications." 

Violations of the provisions of the labor law are pun- 
ished by fines running from $20.00 to $50.00 for the first 
offense. Second and third offenses incur penalties run- 
ning up to $250.00 and imprisonment of 60 days. 

PRACTICE OF THE NEW YORK STATE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION 

"It is a customary practice in the Department when we 
find it necessary to install exhaust systems for the purpose 
of carrying away dust and gases, etc., to issue orders and 
set a time when compliance is necessary/' — James L. Ger- 
non, First Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Inspection. 

THE PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEW YORK STATE 
FACTORY VENTILATION LAW 

The following series of questions and answers were sent 
out to owners and landlords of factory buildings in New 
York State by the State Factory Inspector. 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 



127 



H- £ 



BSE 




128 



VENTILATION LAWS 



M. 






Diameter of branch 


pipes in 


inches 


< 


3 


3* 


4 


4* 


& 


5* 


i 
6 | 6* 


7 








Area of each branch pipe 


in square inches 


1 


707 


9.62 


12.566 


15 9 


19.635 


23.758 


28.274 


33.183 


38.485 


i 




Area of each brand 


i pipe plus 20% (square inches) 


i 


















i 


8.484 


11 544 


15 08 


19 08 


2^.562 


28.51 


33.93 


39.82 


46.182 


1. . 


. 3 * 


3i 


4* 


5 


n 


6 


6f 


7* 


7* 


2... 


Si 


5* 


6 


7 


8* 


9: 


10* 


10* 


3 .. 


6f 


7-' 


8* 


9* 




11 r 


12* 


13* 


4... 


^ 


7* 


8 


9| 


11 


12* 


13 - r 


14* 


15* 


5. 


71 


8f 


9 


11 


12* 


13* 


Ml 


16 


17* 
18* 


6 .. 


8| 


9* 


10 


12*' 


13* 


14* 


16: 


17* 


7. . 


8f 


10* 


11 


13* 


14* 


16 


17; 


18 


20* 


8 


9| 


10* 


12 


14 


15* 


17* 


18 


20; 


21* 


9 . 


9* 


1H 


13 


14* 


16* 


18* 


19; 


21 


23 


10... 


io* 


12* 


13 


15* 


17* 


19* 


20; 


22 r 


3 


11 


ii 


12* 


14 


16* 


18* 


20 


21 


23 


12 >. 


in 


13| 


15 


17* 

17* 


19 


20* 


22 


24 


26* 


13 


in 


13* 


15 


19* 


21* 


23 


25- 


27* 


14 . 


12| 


14* 


16 


18* 


20* 


22* 


24 


26; 


28* 


15. 


12* 


14* 


17 


19* 


21* 


23* 


25: 


27 


29* 


16.. 


13* 
13f 


15* 


17* 


19* 
20* 


22 


24* 


26 ^ 


28 


30* 


17 


15* 


18* 


22* 


24* 


27; 


29 


31* 


18 


14 


16* 


18* 


21 


23* 


25* 
26* 


27; ; 


30; 


32* 


19 


14i 


16* 


19* 


21* 


23* 


28; 


31: 


33* 


20 


14* 


17* 


19| 


22* 


24* 


27 


29 r 


31 


34* 


21 


151 


17* 


20* 


22* 


25* 


27* 
28* 


30; 


W 


35* 


22. 


15 i 

151 


18 


20* 


23* 


25* 


30 


33; 


36 


23 


18* 


21* 


23* 


26* 


29 


31 r 


34| 


36* 


54... 


16* 


18* 


21* 


24* 


26* 


29* 


32i 


34i; 


37* 


25... 


$ 


19* 


22 


24* 


27* 


30* 


32 


351; 


38* 


26 


19* 


22* 


25* 


28 


Si 


33 f 


36U 


39* 


27 


m 


20 


22* 


25* 


28* 


34; 


37 


39* 


28 


m 


20* 


23* 


26* 


29 


32 


34: 


37* 


40* 


29. . 


17* 


20* 


23* 


26* 


29* 


32* 


35; 


38* 


41* 


30 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


39 42 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 129 

Q. What is meant by "proper and sufficient" ventila- 
tion ? 

A. As denned by Dr. John S. Billings, perfect ventila- 
tion means that any and every person in a room takes into 
his lungs at each respiration air of the same composition 
as that surrounding the building, no part of which has re- 
cently been in his own lungs or those of his neighbors, or 
which consists of the products of combustion generated in 
the building, while at the same time he feels no currents 
or drafts of air, and is perfectly comfortable as regards 
temperature, being neither too hot nor too cold. 

Q. How much air is required to meet these condi- 
tions ? 

A. Not less than 2,000 cu. ft. per hour for each person, 
with the same amount per hour for each cu. ft. of gas 
consumed whether for light, heat or power. 

Q. How can this amount of air be furnished? 

A. By the use of mechanically driven fans, either forc- 
ing fresh air into a room, or exhausting the foul and 
vitiated air from the room. By either method, there is a 
positive and constant change of air, independent of atmos- 
pheric or climatic changes. 

Q. When machines using gas are properly hooded, is 
the above amount of air necessary? 

A. No, if the products of combustion are directly re- 
moved from a room, there are no poisonous gases to dilute 
with fresh air, and therefore no further provision need 
be made, in so far as these hooded machines are con- 
cerned. 

Q. My building is provided with windows on two, 
three or four sides. Won't windows provide proper ven- 
tilation ? 

A. No. The result of hundreds of air tests made by 
our medical inspector during the past year, indicates that 



130 VENTILATION LAWS 

windows, even when opened, will not provide adequate 
ventilation in all parts of a room. The air is naturally 
better near the windows than it is farther away, while 
due consideration must be given to the fact that windows 
are primarily designed for lighting. Every one knows 
that windows are generally closed tightly during cold 
weather, the slightest cold draft being objectionable to 
employees. Even though windows were used for the pur- 
pose of ventilation, the direction and velocity of the wind, 
changing temperature, climatic and other conditions would 
make such ventilation largely a matter of guesswork. 

Q. Will it suffice to put a few little fans in the win- 
dows, which revolve by action of the escaping air? 

A. No, such fans do little if any good. They are noth- 
ing but miniature wind-mills ; when a current of air strikes 
the blades, the fan revolves. Probably as much air would 
pass through the opening in the window if no fan were 
used. 

Q. Will not skylights furnish proper ventilation? 

A. There is the same objection to skylights as to win- 
dows. If used for ventilating purposes they produce un- 
comfortable drafts of air, and we find in practically every 
factory that they are tightly closed, and are nothing more 
than the name implies — skylights. 

Q. Will not the introduction of a sufficient amount of 
cold air lower temperature of workroom to such a degree 
as to be uncomfortable? 

A. Possibly, and in that event it will be necessary to 
heat the incoming fresh air, or else supply more heat in 
the workroom. 

Q. Where shall I place the fan — what size fan — are 
ducts necessary — where should fresh air be admitted or 
foul air removed — how much heating surface? 

A. All the foregoing and other questions of similar 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 131 

character, are matters of detail which should be entrusted 
to the ventilating contractor whom you select to do your 
work. 

Q. How am I to know that the system which I may 
install will be satisfactory to the Bureau of Factory Inspec- 
tion? 

A. We are willing to examine any plans which you may 
submit and if found satisfactory to approve them. Should 
changes appear necessary, tending toward economy or 
efficiency, in either installation or maintenance, you will be 
so advised. 



OHIO 

"The Ohio laws governing factory and building inspec- 
tion states in Section 898 that each district inspector of 
workshops and factories assigned to a district for the in- 
spection of shops and factories therein, shall carefully in- 
spect the sanitary conditions, system of sewerage * * * 
system of heating, lighting and ventilating rooms where 
persons are employed at labor," etc. 

Under the power conferred by Section 996, if he finds 
"that the heating, lighting, ventilation or sanitary arrange- 
ments of a shop or factory are injurious to the health 
of persons employed or residing therein, * * * he shall 
notify the owner, proprietor or agent of such shop or 
factory or building by personally serving a notice in writing 
or mailing it to his last known address, to make the 
necessary alterations or additions. Said notice shall de- 
scribe the alterations and addition which shall be installed 
therein and the time in which each alteration or addition 
therein required shall be made and each appliance installed." 

Penalties are provided running from $50.00 to $100.00 per 
day after the expiration of the time limit set by the in- 
spector for making required changes. 

The term "shops and factories" includes the following: 
Manufacturing, mechanical, electrical, mercantile, art and 
laundering establishments, printing, telegraph and telephone 
offices, railroad depots, hotels, memorial buildings, tene- 
ment and department (apartment) houses. 

In connection with the safe-guarding of machinery, 
owners and operators of shops and factories are required 
to make suitable provision for emery wheels and for metal 

132 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 133 

and wood-working machinery generally. The various re- 
quirements and the methods prescribed for fulfilling them 
are given in detail in the code. 

The penalty for failing to comply with the provisions of 
the code within 30 days vary from $100.00 to $300.00 for 
each offense. 

Additional provisions are included (Section 6330-2) cov- 
ering especially dangerous works or processes, such as the 
manufacture of white lead, red lead, litharge, sugar of lead, 
arsenate of lead, lead chromate, lead sulphate, lead nitrate, 
or flue-silicate. In such cases "every employer shall with- 
out cost to the employees, provide * * * devices, means 
and methods for the protection of his employees who, 
while engaged in any work or process included in section 
2 are exposed to lead dusts, lead fumes or lead solutions : 

"(a) Working rooms, hoods and air exhausts for the 
protection of employees engaged in any work or process 
which produces lead dusts or lead fumes. The employer 
shall provide and maintain work rooms adequately lighted 
and ventilated, and so arranged that there is a continuous 
and sufficient change of air, and all such rooms shall be 
fully ventilated and separated by partition walls from all 
departments in which the work or process is of a non- 
dusty character ; and all such rooms shall be provided with 
floor, permitting an easy removal of dust by wet methods 
or vacuum cleaning, and all such floors shall be so cleaned 
daily. 

"Every work or process referred to (given above) in- 
cluding the corroding or oxidizing of lead, and the crush- 
ing, mixing, sifting, graining and packing of all lead salts 
or other compounds shall be so conducted and such ade- 
quate devices provided and maintained by the employer 
as to protect the employee, as far as possible from contact 
with lead dust or lead fumes. Every kettle, vessel, re- 



134 VENTILATION LAWS 

ceptacle or furnace in which leJfcn any form referred to 
is being melted or treated, and any place where the contents 
of such kettles, receptacles or furnaces are discharged, 
shall be provided with a hood connection with an efficient 
air exhaust; all vessels or containers in which dry lead in 
any chemical form or combination referred to, is being 
conveyed from one place to another within the factory, 
shall be equipped, at the places where the same are rilled 
or discharged, with hoods having connection with an 
efficient air-exhaust; and all hoppers, chutes, conveyors, 
elevators, separators, vents from separators, dumps, pul- 
verizers, chasers, dry pans, or other apparatus for drying 
pulp lead, dry-pans dump, and all barrel packers and cars 
of other receptacles into which corrosions are at the time 
emptied, shall be connected to an efficient dust-collecting 
system; such system to be regulated by the discharge of 
air from a fan, pump, or other apparatus, either through 
a cloth dust-collector having an area of not less than y 2 sq. 
ft. of cloth to every cubic foot of air passing through it 
per minute, the dust collector to be placed in a separate 
room which no employee shall be required or allowed to 
enter, except for essential repairs, while the works are in 
operation; or such other apparatus as will efficiently re- 
move the lead dusts from the air before it is discharged 
into the outer air." 

In Qeveland, Ohio, a new building code became effective 
October 14, 1913. It is known as Ordinance No. 29,798. 
This code has the following relating to "factories and 
workshops" : 

"Every building, room or part thereof hereafter erected 
for, or converted to use as a factory or workshop in which 
there shall be less than 20 sq. ft. of floor space for each 
employee or occupant, shall have in operation, while oc- 
cupied, a mechanical system of ventilation so designed and 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 135 

installed as to provide at, least six complete air changes per 
hour. 

"Unless natural ventilation is provided as required by the 
ordinances of the City of Cleveland, and maintained while 
occupied, every factory in which there is more than 20 
sq. ft. of floor space for each employee or occupant, shall 
have in operation, while occupied, a system of ventilation so 
designed and installed as to provide at least four complete 
air changes per hour." 

PRACTICE OF THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF OHIO 

"The specific requirements for the construction of fac- 
tories (Title 7) has not yet been adopted by this Depart- 
ment. The heating systems approved in this Department 
for factory construction are either a direct steam or blast 
system, or may be a furnace blast system. The only ven- 
tilation required in factories is that which is obtained 
through the windows. The new, modern type of factory 
construction has considerable glass area for light. Either 
double-hung windows, or pivoted sash are used, and we 
find the ventilation in these cases very satisfactory. How- 
ever, we find in some of the old factory buildings a very 
limited amount of windows and the air in these cases is 
very bad. Then it is necessary for the Chief to exercise 
his authority by ordering some type of ventilation to be 
installed." — George H. Hamilton, Chief Deputy, Depart- 
ment of Inspection. 



PENNSYLVANIA 

The Pennsylvania requirements regarding blowers and 
exhausters for use with grinding and polishing machinery, 
are enforced by the Industrial Board of the state. This 
board publishes a set of directions covering suction test 
and piping, and other features. 



WISCONSIN 

The requirements in Wisconsin are in the form of gen- 
eral orders of the State Industrial Commission. Order No. 
2,000 deals with hoods for grinding, buffing and polishing 
wheels. 

Orders No. 2,001-2,006 deal with suction pipes for hoods, 
amount of suction required, position of main pipe and dust 
collector. 

Orders No. 2,007 to 2,010, cover belts, drums, rolls and 
disks for grinding, buffing, polishing or sanding; sand 
blasts and tumbling barrels. 

Orders No. 2,011 to 2,013 deal with machines which cre- 
ate dust, vats and tanks which emit fumes, and furnaces 
and forges. 

Order No. 2,014 provides for the ventilation of foun- 
dries, forgeshops and roundhouses. 

Order No. 2,015 covers workrooms where there is less 
than 900 and more than 300 cu. ft. of air space per person. 
All such rooms in which there is no smoke, gas, fumes, 
dust, vapors or fires consuming oxygen "must be provided 

136 



INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 137 

with a ventilating system which will furnish 1,800 cu. ft. 
of fresh air per hour to each person. Additional ventila- 
tion must be provided where there are lights or fires in 
such rooms." 

Other rooms containing 900 cu. ft. of air space per em- 
ployee "must be provided with a ventilating system which 
will change the air in the room not less than twice each 
hour. Such system must be so designed as not to produce 
injurious drafts or reduce the temperatures materially be- 
low the average temperature maintained." 

Order No. 2,205 reads : "In each toilet room heretofore 
installed, and which is so located that it is impossible to 
secure light and air directly from the outside, a flue or 
mechanical ventilating system must be installed which will 
provide adequate ventilation. 

"In Wisconsin the Industrial Commission has power to 
issue orders for any changes in existing and new systems. 
The factory head may make an appeal from the agents 
ruling and if the majority of the commission decides 
against him, he must make the required changes. This 
decision can only be reached after the majority of the com- 
mission have visited his factory personally and examined 
the existing conditions." 



SMOKE PREVENTION CODES FOR LARGE 
AND SMALL CITIES 

The following typical ordinance, designed to meet the re- 
quirements of the small city, was drawn up by Osborn 
Monnett, of the American Radiator Company, formerly 
smoke inspector for the Chicago Smoke Inspection De- 
partment. 

The ordinance as presented may be easily modified to the 
uses of a large city. In that case it would call for a chief 
assistant smoke inspector and several deputies, according 
to the size of the force that was desired to use. 

With a larger staff of engineers the ordinance should 
also have a clause incorporating the requirement that in- 
stallations be followed up for a test run made under oper- 
ating conditions to decide whether or not the plant was sat- 
isfactory from the smoke standpoint. In the event that it 
was not, alterations should be made. After the plant was 
determined to be satisfactory, then a certificate of opera- 
tion would be issued, fee for which would be included in 
the original permit fee. 

Following is the model ordinance in full for a small 
city: 

An ordinance providing for smoke inspection and abate- 
ment especially adapted for a small city. 

AN ORDINANCE 

Providing for smoke inspection and abatement in the 
City of . 

Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of 

as follows : 

138 



SMOKE PREVENTION CODES 139 

Sec. 1. There is hereby created the office of smoke 
inspector, the compensation and duties connected therewith 
to be as hereinafter specified. 

Sec. 2. The smoke inspector shall be appointed by the 
Mayor by and with the consent of the City Council, and 
shall perform the duties of his office until removed from 
office by the Mayor or until the Mayor by and with the con- 
sent of the City Council has appointed his successor. 

Sec. 3. The person so appointed shall be an engineer, 
qualified by training and experience in the theory and prac- 
tice of the construction and operation of steam boilers 
and furnaces and also in the theory and practice of smoke 
abatement and prevention. 

Sec. 4. The salary of the smoke inspector shall be 
dollars ($ ) per annum. 

Sec. 5. The said inspector is authorized to employ one 
clerk, to be selected from the civil service list of the city 
and the clerk shall attend to such duties as the inspector 
shall direct and be paid according to civil service rating 
in the manner fixed by law. 

Sec. 6. The Mayor shall appoint a smoke abatement 
commission composed of three representative citizens, one 
of whom shall be a mechanical engineer of recognized 
standing, who shall act without remuneration as advisors 
to the Mayor and to the smoke inspector on matters per- 
taining to the organization or the conduct of the smoke 
abatement work, or both. The smoke inspector shall at 
all times receive and place on file all suggestions, recom- 
mendations, advice, or other communications that may be 
submitted to him in writing by the smoke abatement com- 
mission. 

Sec. 7. No new plants or any reconstruction of any old 
plants for producing power and heat, or either of them, 
except for detached private residences, or for buildings 



140 VENTILATION LAWS 

used exclusively for private residence purposes, in which 
the number of families occupying apartments shall be less 
than six, shall be erected or maintained in the city until 
plans and specifications of the same have been filed in the 
office of and approved by the smoke inspector and a per- 
mit issued by him for such erection, reconstruction or 
maintenance. The plans and specifications to be filed with 
the smoke inspector shall show the amount of work and 
the amount of heating to be done by such plant and all 
appurtenances thereto, including all provisions made for 
the purpose of securing complete combustion of the fuel 
to be used, for the purpose of preventing smoke ; said plans 
and specifications shall also contain a statement of the 
kind of fuel proposed to be used, including the commer- 
cial size of coal when such fuel is specified, and said plans 
and specifications shall also show that the room, apart- 
ment or basement in which such plant shall be located 
is provided with doors, windows, air shafts, fans and other 
means of ventilation sufficient to prevent the temperature 
of such room, apartment, basement or other portion of 
such building wherein such plant or apparatus is to be 
used, from rising to a point higher than 120 degrees 
Fahrenheit; and sufficient also to provide that the atmos- 
phere of any such room, apartment or basement wherein 
such apparatus may be located, may be entirely renewed 
every ten minutes. 

Upon the approval of such plans and specifications, a 
duplicate set of which shall be left on file in said office, 
and upon the payment of the fees hereinafter provided, 
the smoke inspector shall issue a permit for the construc- 
tion, erection or maintenance of such plant. As soon as 
the smoke inspector has examined the plans and specifi- 
cations submitted and has issued a permit as above pro- 
vided, he shall then notify the Commissioner of Build- 



SMOKE PREVENTION CODES 141 

ings to see that the execution of the work permitted is car- 
ried out in conformity with the plans and specifications, 
with special reference to the amount of space used, the 
size and construction of the chimney or chimneys used, 
the provision for the prevention of smoke and the pro- 
vision for ventilation, and the proper temperature in the 
room, apartment or basement. 

Sec. 8. It shall be unlawful for any person to use any 
new or reconstructed plant for the production and genera- 
tion of power and heat, or either of them, except for de- 
tached private residences or buildings used exclusively for 
private residence purposes in which the number of fam- 
ilies occupying apartments shall be less than six, until he 
shall first have procured a statement from the smoke in- 
spector that the plant is constructed in accordance with 
the plans and specifications filed with the smoke inspector 
at the time the permit was issued. 

Sec. 9. No owner, lessee, or operator of any existing 
plant shall alter or repair any chimney or any old furnace 
or device, which alteration, change or installation shall 
affect the method or efficiency of preventing smoke, with- 
out first submitting plans and specifications to the smoke 
inspector and securing a permit therefor; however, that 
minor necessary or emergency repairs which do not change 
the capacity of such plant or which do not involve any 
substantial alteration in structure and which do not in- 
volve any alteration in the method or efficiency of smoke 
prevention may be made by or under the engineer in 
charge of said plant without a permit. Any person who 
shall violate sections 7, 8 or 9 shall be liable to a fine of 
$25.00 for each day upon which he shall prosecute such 
erection, construction, alteration, change or installation, 
or use any new or reconstructed plant without a permit, 
and each day's violation shall constitute a separate offense. 



142 . VENTILATION LAWS 

Sec. 10. The emission of dense smoke within the city 
from the smokestack of any locomotive, steamboat, or 
steam tug for a period of more than one minute, except 
for a period or periods aggregating not to exceed six. min- 
utes in any one hour during which period or periods the 
firebox or boxes are being cleaned or a new fire or 
fires are being built therein, is hereby declared a 
nuisance. 

The emission of dense smoke within the city from the 
smokestack of any steam roller, steam derrick, steam pile 
driver, tar kettle or other machine or contrivance, or 
from the smokestack or chimney of any building or prem- 
ises, or from any open bonfire, open bin, tank, vat, basin 
or other receptacle except for a period or periods aggre- 
gating not to exceed six minutes in any one hour during 
which period or periods the firebox or boxes are being 
cleaned or a new fire or fires are being built therein is 
hereby declared a nuisance. 

Any nuisance such as the above specified may be sum- 
marily abated by the smoke inspector, or by any one 
whom he may duly authorize for the purpose, and such 
abatement may be in addition to the fine hereinafter pro- 
vided. 

Any person or persons, or corporation owning, operat- 
ing, or in charge or control of any locomotive, steamboat, 
steam tug, steam roller, steam derrick, steam pile driver, 
tar kettle, or other similar machine or contrivance, or any 
open bonfire, open bin, tank, vat, basin or other receptacle, 
or of any building or premises, who shall cause or permit 
the emission of dense smoke within the city, in contra- 
vention of the provision of this section, from the smoke- 
stack of any locomotive, steamboat, steam tug, steam roller, 
steam derrick, steam pile driver, tar kettle, or other similar 



SMOKE PREVENTION CODES 143 

machine or contrivance, or from any open bonfire, open bin, 
tank, vat, basin, or other receptacle, or from the smoke- 
stack or chimney of any building or premises so owned, 
controlled, or in charge of him, her, or them, shall be 
deemed guilty of a violation of the ordinance, and upon 
conviction thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars 
($10.00) nor no more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) 
for each offense; and each day of such emission of dense 
smoke shall constitute a separate offense. 

For the purpose of grading the density of smoke, the 
Ringelmann smoke chart, as published and used by the 
Federal Bureau of Mines, shall be the standard of com- 
parison. Smoke shall be considered "dense" when it is of 
equal or greater density than No. 3 of the chart. 

Sec. 11. A fee of one dollar ($1) shall be charged for 
the inspection of plans and specifications for the erection, 
reconstruction, or alteration of any plant, this fee to in- 
clude the issuing of a permit, in case such permit is 
granted. 

The smoke inspector may and he is hereby directed and 
instructed to remit all inspection or examination fees 
charged, or that hereafter may be charged, against any 
and all charitable, religious, and educational institutions 
when the furnace or other device or apparatus inspected 
is located in or upon premises used and. occupied exclu- 
sively by such charitable, religious, or educational institu- 
tions ; provided, that such charitable, religious, or educa- 
tional institution is not conducted or carried on for pri- 
vate gain or profit; and provided further, that the smoke 
inspector may require every application for the remission 
of such fees to be verified by the affidavit of one or more 
taxpayers of the city. 

Sec. 12. Prosecution for all violations of this ordinance 



144 VENTILATION LAWS 

shall be instituted by the smoke inspector and shall be 
prosecuted in the name of the City of . 

The issuance and delivery by the smoke inspector of any 
permits for the construction or reconstruction, or any 
permit for the alteration or repair of any plant or chimney 
connected with a plant, or the exemption of any class of 
buildings from the necessity of taking out a permit, shall 
not be held to exempt any person or corporation to 
whom any such permit has been issued or delivered, or 
who has been exempt from such permit, from prosecution 
on account of the emission or issuance of dense smoke 
caused or permitted by any such person or corporation. 

Sec. 13. Any person who shall violate any of the pro- 
visions of this ordinance (except as is herein otherwise 
provided) shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than 
$100 for each offense. 

Sec. 14. The City shall provide such instruments, books, 
papers, and equipment as shall be necessary for the proper 
performance of the duties of the members of the depart- 
ment. The smoke inspector shall have charge of such 
instruments, books, papers and equipment as shall be 
necessary for the proper performance of the duties of the 
members of the department. The smoke inspector shall 
have charge of such instruments, books, papers and equip- 
ment, and shall deliver same to his successor in office. 

Sec. IS. The smoke inspector shall cause to be kept in 
his office a complete record of all permits issued and of all 
examinations of plants made by members of the depart- 
ment and also of all certificates issued. 

Sec. 16. The smoke inspector shall make a report of 
the work of his department to the Mayor and City 
Council, annually, on or before the first day of February, 
and at other times as often as required by the City 
Council. 



SMOKE PREVENTION CODES 145 

Sec. 17. If any person on behalf of the City under the 
provisions of this chapter shall take or receive any money 
or any valuable thing for the purpose of favoring any 
person or persons, he shall be dismissed from the service. 

Sec. 18. This ordinance shall take effect on and after 
its passage and publication. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR MODEL COMPULSORY 
HEATING AND VENTILATION LAWS 

Minimum Provisions for Public and Semi-Public Build- 
ings Promulgated by the American Society of 
Heating and Ventilating Engineers 

Report of the committee appointed January, 1914, to 
prepare a set of minimum ventilation requirements for 
public and semi-public buildings which the society can 
recommend for legislation. 

GENERAL STATEMENT 

A correct interpretation of the experimental work which 
has been carried on, relating to ventilation practice, forces 
certain conclusions : 

A. The necessity for adequate ventilation has been 
emphasized although the relative importance of certain 
factors has changed. 

B. A high temperature, especially if associated with a 
high relative humidity, is injurious. 

C. The proper relation between air temperature and 
relative humidity should be emphasized. 

D. Air movement in contact with the body materially 
assists normal heat dissipation. 

E. Air supply free from dust, bacteria and other con- 
taminations is important. 

We believe that the importance of the following re- 
quirements in compulsory ventilation laws has been amply 
demonstrated : 

1. A minimum allotment per person of floor and air 
space based upon the nature of occupancy. 
, 2. A quantitative minimum air supply requirement. 

146 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 147 

3. A carbon dioxide test for determining the quantity 
of air supply and its distribution. 

4. A temperature range limitation. 

5. The removal from the air of injurious substances 
arising from manufacturing processes or other causes. 

6. Air exhaust requirements for special service rooms 
(toilets, locker rooms, etc.). 

7. Definite requirements regarding the drawing, filing 
and approving plans for both new and existing buildings, 
in which ventilating equipments are to be installed or 
changes in the equipment made. 

8. Ample authority to enforce the law without recourse 
to civil action, and with sufficient operative and financial 
assistance to care for the clerical, field and technical de- 
tails incurred by such enforcement. 

9. The official body charged with the enforcement of 
such laws shall have authority to promulgate specific rules 
and regulations covering details of installation and opera- 
tion not included in the law. Such rules and regulations 
must not conflict with the full intent and meaning of the 
law. 

Your committee has decided that it would be impractical 
to attempt to draft a model ventilation law for reasons 
herein given, and because this would require an extensive 
building classification which could not be satisfactorily 
used in the various states, cities or towns where building 
laws and regulations, based on other classifications, are 
now in force. The committee submits herewith first 
(under Section 1) the specific report covering general sug- 
gestions for minimum heating and ventilation requirements 
that are applicable to all classes of buildings, and second 
(under Sections II, III and IV) separate sets of more 
definite requirements for schools and colleges, factories 
and theatres. 



148 VENTILATION LAWS 

Sections II, III and IV cover three very important 
classes of buildings, which are often the subject of separate 
legislation. Many other classes of buildings, such as De- 
partment Stores, Hospitals and similar institutions, 
Churches, Restaurants, Police Station, Jails, Bakeries, 
Laundries, etc., for which the requirements for heating 
and ventilation are covered by careful interpretation and 
use of Section I, would be benefited by separate sets of 
requirements. It is apparent also that suggestions from 
our society, covering practical requirements for the heating 
and ventilation of street cars and certain other public 
conveyances are desirable. This report could be consider- 
ably enlarged to cover these subjects. 

The committee strongly urges that educational and co- 
operative methods of improving heating, ventilating and 
sanitary conditions be studied and used as far as possible 
in addition to compulsory methods. 

The committee wishes to thank the various members of 
the society and others who have assisted in any way in the 
compilation of these recommendations. Whenever asked 
for, information was cheerfully given when such informa- 
tion was available. Acknowledgments are especially due 
the investigations and recent committee reports concern- 
ing the work in New York City and to the ventilation code 
and experience in the City of Chicago. 

JAMES D. HOFFMAN, Chairman. 
E. VERNON HILL. 
FRANK T. CHAPMAN. 



SECTION I 

General Suggestions for the Compilation of Laws for 
Compulsory Ventilation 

(Applicable to all Classes of Buildings.) 

General: Sufficient and proper heating and ventilation 
shall be provided and maintained during occupancy in all 
rooms and all enclosed spaces, in all classes of buildings, 
to insure reasonable health and comfort conditions and 
maintain the requirements of Articles I to X inclusive. 

Article I — Space Per Occupant (minimum requirement). 

Schools and colleges — class, study, lecture and reci- 
tation rooms, floor area per occupant in square 
feet IS 

Schools and colleges — class, study, lecture and recita- 
tion rooms, cubic space per occupant (volume 
divided by number of persons) in cubic feet 180 

Primary schools — class and study rooms (pupils 
under 8 years of age), floor area per occupant in 
square feet 12.5 

Primary schools — class and study rooms (pupils 
under 8 years of age), cubic space per occupant in 
cubic feet 150 

Theatres, auditoriums and court rooms, floor area 
per occupant in square feet 6 

Theatres, auditoriums and court rooms, space per 
occupant in cubic feet 90 

Factories, manual training rooms and other work 

rooms — cubic space per occupant in cubic feet 250 

Minimum space conditions in all classes of buildings or 
149 



150 VENTILATION LAWS 

rooms not tabulated shall be reasonable and practical and 
shall meet the approval of the Department of Health. 

Article II — Air Supply (minimum requirement). 

Sufficient outdoor air shall be provided for all occupied 
rooms or enclosed spaces at all times during occupancy, 
as may be necessary to meet the requirements of Articles 
I to XI, inclusive. 

The supply of outdoor air for the following classes of 
rooms shall be positive and based on a minimum quantity 
of air per occupant per hour as tabulated : 

Class, study, lecture and recitation rooms in all 
schools and colleges, cubic feet per occupant per 

hour 1,800 

Theatres, court rooms and other auditoriums 1,200 

Factories, manual training rooms and other work 
rooms 1,500 

All air supply for ventilation must be from an uncon- 
taminated source of air from which the dust or other 
impurities, shall be sufficiently removed by washing, or 
otherwise, subject to the approval of the Department of 
Health. 

Article III — Air Distribution. 

The distribution and temperature of the air supply for 
ventilation shall be so arranged as to maintain the tempera- 
ture requirement, as stated in Article IV, without uncom- 
fortable drafts, or any direct draft lower than 60° F., 
and as a test of proper supply and distribution, it shall 
be required that the CO2 content shall not at any time ex- 
ceed 10 parts in each 10,000 parts of air based upon tests 
of air samples taken in a zone from 3 to 6 ft. above the 
floor line in any part of the occupied spaces. This re- 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 151 

quirement may be modified by the Department of Health 
or other properly constituted authority as applying to 
breweries, water charging rooms or other rooms where 
carbon dioxide is liberated in manufacturing processes. 

NOTE. While carbon dioxide in the air, in reason- 
able quantities, is not considered injurious to health, its 
presence in occupied rooms is an accurate measure of the 
air supply and distribution if no other source of carbon 
dioxide is present except the occupants of the room. 

Article IV — Temperatures, 

The temperature of the air in occupied rooms in all 
classes of buildings, during the periods of occupancy, 
shall be not less than 60° F., nor more than 72° R, ex- 
cept when the outside temperature is sufficiently high that 
artificial heating in the building is not required. This re- 
quirement shall not apply to foundries, boiler or engine 
rooms, or special rooms in which other temperatures are 
required or considered advisable as approved by the De- 
partment of Health. 

Article V — Heat Sources. 

Any heat source which does not contaminate the air 
and which does not conflict with the requirements of the 
Health, Fire, Building or Electrical Departments may be 
used both to warm the air supply for ventilation and to 
provide heat by direct radiation. 

Article VI — Removal of Injurious Substances by Me- 
chanical Exhaust or Other Practical and Positive 
Means. 

Where dust, fumes, gases, vapors, odors, fibres or other 
impurities are created or released in the course of a 
business or process carried on in any work room or other 



152 VENTILATION LAWS 

place in quantities tending to injure the health of occupants, 
there shall be provided canopies, hoods or other special 
devices, connected with an exhaust fan or fans of sufficient 
capacity and operated at sufficient pressure to remove 
such impurities at their point of origin. Such fans shall 
be kept running constantly while such impurities are be- 
ing generated or released and shall discharge through 
ducts or flues to a point above the roof or otherwise and 
when so directed by the Department of Health, 
be provided with dust collectors or separators as may 
be necessary to safeguard the fresh air supply of the 
building or adjacent buildings and prevent any public 
nuisance. If practical and positive means, other than 
mechanical exhaust, can be devised for keeping these im- 
purities from the air, such means may be used when 
formally approved by the Department of Health. 

Article VII — Excessive Temperature and Humidity. 

If, owing to the nature of the work done or the pro- 
cess carried on in a work room, factory, or other place 
of employment or occupancy excessive heat or humidity 
is caused therein, sufficient to be injurious to health, there 
shall be provided and maintained special means or appli- 
ances to reduce and control such excessive heat and 
humidity, as may be ordered by the Department of Health. 

Article VIII — Special Service Rooms. 

Public and semi-public locker rooms, coat rooms, dress- 
ing-rooms and wash rooms shall have exhaust ventilation 
equal to not less than six changes of air per hour, ex- 
cept where the window area opening directly to the out- 
side air equals or exceeds % of the floor area of the 
room, subject to the discretion of the Department of 
Health. 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 153 

Article IX — Toilet Room Ventilation. 

(a) — Installations in New Buildings. 

Every toilet room or every water closet or urinal com- 
partment shall be ventilated directly to the outer air by 
a movable window or by skylight with fixed or pivoted 
louvres. Every such room or compartment shall have a 
window or glass skylight not less than one foot wide and 
of an area of at least six square feet for one water closet 
or urinal. For every such additional fixture the area of 
the window or skylight shall be increased by at least one 
square foot. The Department of Health may require 
mechanical ventilation in addition to the above require- 
ment where under any special conditions the window 
ventilation is deemed inadequate. The Department of 
Health may permit the installation of toilet rooms, water 
closet or urinal compartments with less window or sky- 
light area than specified in this paragraph above, or with- 
out direct connection to the outer air, if a mechanical 
system of exhaust ventilation is provided, maintained and 
continually operated. This mechanical system shall consist 
of metal or smooth masonry ducts from the individual 
toilet rooms or compartments, to a fan or fans of sufficient 
capacity to exhaust a volume of not less than 35 cu. ft. 
of air per minute for each water closet or urinal. If the 
air is exhausted from within two feet of each fixture this 
amount may be reduced to 25 cu. ft. of air exhausted 
per minute per fixture, but in no case shall less than 6 
changes per hour be allowed. 

(b) — New and Existing Equipments in Old Buildings. 

In existing buildings erected prior to the passage of 
this ordinance every toilet room or water closet or 
urinal compartment shall be ventilated to the outer air 



154 VENTILATION LAWS 

by movable window; glass skylight with fixed or movable 
louvres, or by ventilating duct. Whenever any such toilet 
room having more than two fixtures (water closets or 
urinals) is ventilated solely by ducts, or whenever the 
window or skylight area is one-third less than the area 
required for "new buildings" positive ventilation comply- 
ing with the requirements of subdivision (a) of this 
Article IX shall be installed and maintained if so ordered 
by the Department of Health. The Department of Health 
may, at its discretion, modify this requirement for four 
or less fixtures, or may require ventilation for two or less 
fixtures. 

(c) — All Installations. 

Every window or skylight mentioned in (a) and (b) 
of this Article shall be so constructed and maintained 
as to be easily opened at least one-half of its required 
area for windows and one-fourth its area for skylights. 
All exhaust fans used for ventilating toilet rooms shall 
exhaust to the outer air above the roof or at such points 
as not to cause offense to the occupants of the building 
or any other building or to create any public nuisance in 
the neighborhood. 

(d)—Air Shafts, 

Whenever any air shaft used for ventilating toilet rooms 
is covered by a skylight the net opening or openings avail- 
able in such skylight shall be at least equal in area to the 
cross-sectional area of the shaft requirement. 

Article X — Cellars. 

All cellars, basements or spaces beneath buildings of 
any class or character shall be provided with windows or 
other means of ventilation and such cellars or spaces shall 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 155 

be at all times properly ventilated and maintained in a dry 
and sanitary condition. 

Article XI — Authorisation. 

The Department of Health is authorized to require ad- 
ditional or special ventilation or ventilating devices to 
cover any conditions which are unusual or require special 
treatment in occupied rooms or spaces in any class of 
buildings. 

Article XII — Plans. 

Before beginning the erection or alteration of any build- 
ing the architect or contractor, owner, agent or party in 
possession or control, shall submit plans and specifications 
in duplicate showing and describing in detail the ventilat- 
ing equipment contemplated. Such plans must be prints 
taken from tracings drawn to scale on cloth, in ink or by 
some process that will not fade or obliterate. The plans 
shall show accurately all necessary dimensions and details 
and shall be accompanied by a written statement giving 
the intended number of occupants of each room and the 
use of the room unless the plans clearly indicate 
these facts. Such plan and specifications must be 
submitted and approved by the Department of Health 
before work is allowed to proceed. During the erection 
or alteration of any such building inspections must be 
made by persons duly authorized by the Department of 
Health and after completion a certificate shall be issued 
which states that the ventilating equipment of such build- 
ing complies in all respects with the approved plans and 
specifications and with the laws governing the same. 

Article XIII — Officials Empowered to Enter. 

The Commissioner of Health or his duly authorized 
assistants shall have the right to enter any building 



156 VENTILATION LAWS 

covered by the provisions of the ventilation law, at any 
reasonable time, and at any time when occupied by the 
public, in order to examine such building and judge of 
the condition of the same and to discharge his duties per- 
taining thereto, and it shall be unlawful for any person 
or persons to interfere with him in the performance of 
this duty. 

Article XIV — Officials Empowered to Close. 

Where it is discovered that any violation of the ventila- 
tion law is existing in any building the Commissioner of 
Health shall give due written notice to correct the same. 
If after a reasonable period this notice is not complied 
with the Commissioner of Health shall have the power 
and it shall be his duty to close and keep closed to the 
public any such building or part thereof so long as the 
conditions of violation exist. 

NOTE. — It will be observed that the committee has 
used the term "Department of Health" throughout its re- 
port, and while the committee recommends that the en- 
forcement of the laws be entrusted to local health de- 
partments in cities and to State Boards of Health in smaller 
towns it is evident that, in many cases, the enforcement 
will be vested in other bodies, in which case the proper 
name of the body authorized should be substituted for 
the term "Department of Health" used in the recom- 
mendations. 



SECTION II 

Schools and Colleges 

(Minimum heating and ventilating requirements applying 

specially to all Schools and Colleges. Supplementary 

to Section I.) 

General: Sufficient and proper heating and ventilation 

shall be provided and maintained during occupancy in all 

rooms and all enclosed spaces in all classes of school and 

college buildings to insure health and comfort conditions, 

as required by the Department of Health. 

Article I — Space Per Occupant. 

a. A minimum of 15 sq. ft. of floor area and 180 cu. ft. 
of space per occupant shall be provided in each class, study, 
lecture, and recitation room, except that a minimum of 
\2y 2 sq. ft. of floor area and 150 cu. ft. of space may be 
accepted in class and study rooms for pupils under 8 
years of age. 

b. A minimum of 6 sq. ft. of floor area and 90 cu. ft. 
of space per occupant shall be provided in auditoriums and 
assembly rooms. 

c. Minimum space conditions per occupant in all classes 
of rooms not tabulated shall be reasonable and practical 
and shall meet the approval of the Department of Health. 

Article II — Air Supply Per Occupant 

Sufficient outdoor air shall be provided for all occupied 
rooms at all times during occupancy as may be necessary 
to meet the requirements of Articles II to VII, inclusive. 

157 



158 VENTILATION LAWS 

A positive supply of outdoor air shall, while school is 
in session, be provided the following rooms and the 
quantity of this positive air supply shall be equal to, or 
in excess of, the following minimum requirements per 
occupant per hour : 

Class, study and recitation rooms 1,800 cu. ft. 

Auditoriums, lecture or assembly rooms and li- 
braries 1,200 cu. ft. 

General and chemical laboratories 1,800 cu. ft. 

Domestic science and manual training rooms.. 1,800 cu. ft. 

Offices, reception rooms, teachers* rooms, retiring rooms, 
play rooms, corridors, gymnasiums and lunch rooms, shall 
have approved ventilation, and the ventilation of gym- 
nasiums shall be based upon a minimum of four changes 
of air in the room per hour, excepting specific cases, where 
the Department of Health shall have the power to modify 
this requirement. 

The air supply for ventilation shall be taken from an 
uncontaminated source, or the air supplied must be air 
from which the dust or other impurities shall be sufficiently 
removed by washing, filtering or other approved method. 

Article III — Air Distribution. 

The distribution and temperature of the air supply for 
ventilation shall be so arranged as to maintain the 
temperature requirement of the following Article IV, with- 
out uncomfortable drafts or any direct draft lower than 60° 
F., and as a test of proper air supply and distribution, it 
shall be required that the CO2 content shall not be allowed 
to exceed 10 parts in each 10,000 parts of air, based upon 
tests of air taken in a zone from 3 to 6 ft. above the floor 
line in any part of the occupied spaces. 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 159 

Article IV — Temperature. 

The temperature of the air in the various rooms and 
spaces within the building during the period of occupancy- 
shall be maintained at all times throughout all occupied 
spaces within the ranges given in the following sched- 
ule, except when the outside temperature is sufficiently 
high that artificial heating in the building is not re- 
quired : 

Class, study, and recitation rooms 65° to 70° F. 

Auditoriums, lecture, and assembly rooms... 64° to 68° F. 

General laboratories, domestic science and 
manual training rooms 62° to 68° F. 

Gymnasiums 55° to 65° F. 

Officers, reception rooms, teachers' rooms, re- 
tiring rooms 65° to 70° F. 

Corridors 60° to 70° F. 

Play rooms, lunch rooms, locker rooms, wash 
rooms, dressing-rooms and coat rooms 60° to 68° F. 

Toilet rooms 55° to 68° F. 

For rooms not named the temperature range shall be 
60° to 70° F. according to use. 

This article shall not apply to outdoor school rooms 
termed "open air" school rooms. An accurate thermometer 
shall be provided and remain set and maintained at a 
height of 5 ft. from the floor against an inside wall of each 
class, recitation, study and lecture room. One such ther- 
mometer shall be placed and maintained in each laboratory, 
domestic science, and manual training room and at least 
two such thermometers in each auditorium, assembly room 
and gymnasium. Provide proper insulation between ther- 
mometer and wall. 



160 VENTILATION LAWS 

Article V — Special Exhaust Ventilation. 

There shall be provided for all laboratories, domestic 
science rooms or other rooms where gases, fumes or other 
special impurities are released in quantities tending to in- 
jure the health of the occupants, suction devices that shall 
remove such gases, fumes and other impurities from said 
laboratories, domestic science rooms or other rooms at or 
near the point of origin. When the Department of Health 
shall deem it necessary proper hoods and ducts connected 
with exhaust fan or fans of sufficient capacity, and operat- 
ing at sufficient pressure shall be provided to remove such 
impurities. Said fan or fans shall be kept running con- 
stantly while such impurities are being generated or re- 
leased and shall discharge at a point above the roof or 
otherwise as may be necessary to safeguard the fresh air 
supply for the building from contamination and prevent any 
public nuisance. 

Article VI — Special Service Rooms. 

General locker rooms, coat rooms, dressing-rooms and 
wash rooms shall have exhaust ventilation equal to not less 
than 6 changes of air per hour except where windows of 
such rooms open directly to the outside air and are at least 
equal in area to one-eighth of the floor area of the room. 
In such cases the exhaust ventilation requirement may be 
modified under discretion of the Department of Health. 

Article VII — Toilet Room Ventilation. 
See Toilet Room Ventilation, Section 1, Article IX. 

Article VIII— Heat Sources. 

Any heat source which does not contaminate the air and 
which does not conflict with the requirements of the 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 161 

Health, Fire, Building or Electrical Departments may be 
used both to warm the air supply for ventilation and to 
provide heat by direct radiation. 

Article IX — Temperature Control. 

Temperature control, preferably of an automatic type, 
shall be required for all heated and ventilated rooms. The 
temperature regulator, whether automatic or hand control, 
shall be so arranged that its operation will not decrease 
the required volume of air supply for ventilation. 

Article X — Moving Picture Machines. 

Where facilities are given for moving picture machines, 
all ventilation and fire protection shall conform to Section 
IV, Article VI, and accompanying suggestions. 

Article XI — Gravity Indirect Systems. 

Gravity indirect heating and ventilating systems of ap- 
proved design meeting the general requirements of this 
Section II may be accepted for small school houses not 
exceeding eight class rooms in localities where proper mo- 
tive power for positive or mechanical ventilation is lacking, 
provided such gravity systems shall, with room tempera- 
tures maintained at 70° F. and a difference of 40° F. be- 
tween the temperature of the outside air and that of the 
air entering the room at the warm air inlet, be capable 
of supplying at least 30 cu. ft. of air per minute for each 
pupil accommodated in the room or rooms. 

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 

General questions, such as inspection, method of enforc- 
ing the requirements, penalties for non-compliance, etc., 
are left largely for each state, city or town to determine, 
although some pertinent suggestions covering these matters 



162 VENTILATION LAWS 

are made in Section I, Articles XI, XII, XIII and XIV. 
Inspection, method of enforcing and penalties are vitally 
important and should have careful consideration. 

It should be especially noted that the foregoing regula- 
tions call for a minimum of all requirements as compul- 
sory, and that it should be the aim of the administrative 
department having enforcement of the regulations in 
charge to encourage the installation of liberal and high- 
class equipment in our schools for the public inspiration 
as well as for the health and comfort of the occupants. 

In Article I, minimum floor space and volumes for labor- 
atories, manual training and domestic science rooms were 
omitted because of the wide diversity of existing practice. 
Values which seem reasonable are: 

Floor space, per occupant, 25 sq. ft.; volume, per occu- 
pant, 300 cu. ft. 

In Article II, "air from an uncontaminated source" com- 
prehends a supply of air, either normally pure as it enters 
the building or purified by some approved method before 
being distributed to the rooms in the building. 

Elimination of dust from the air supply by means of 
air filters or air washers is desirable even under the best 
conditions and is absolutely imperative under some condi- 
tions of especially dusty air supply. 

The controlling of relative humidity, within the range of 
35 per cent, to 50 per cent, is desirable, wherever possible. 

Rules for opening class room windows, under proper 
supervision, during recess periods are often valuable. 

Strong emphasis is placed on the need of having the ad- 
ministrative feature of legislation, of the kind here advo- 
cated, placed in the control of a responsible department, 
such as a State Department of Health in the case of vil- 
ages, and a Municipal Department of Health or some other 
responsible municipal department for cities. It is further 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 163 

urged that such department be supplied with a special in- 
spector or inspectors, experienced in heating, ventilation 
and sanitation, and that such department be given reason- 
able latitude by legislation to require approval of plans 
preceding installation; to require special extra equipment 
for special cases, such as dust filters or air washers for 
air supply where the same is especially dust laden; to re- 
quire fans in the auditorium to keep the air in motion 
where air distribution is deficient, etc., it being made clear 
in the legislation that such latitude should in no case in- 
clude the right to reduce the general legal ventilation re- 
quirements. 

The Committee recommends that the clauses relating to 
the power of entry and closure by authorized officers as 
stated in Section I, Articles XIII and XIV of this report 
(which have been of great benefit in the City of Chicago), 
or clauses to the same effect, be included in every ventila- 
tion law. 



SECTION III 

Factories 

(Special Minimum Heating and Ventilation Requirements 
Applying to all Classes of Factories and Work Rooms. 
Supplementary to Section 1). 

Definition. 

Any building or room where persons are at work or em- 
ployed in the manufacture, assembling or repairing of 
goods or materials which are not for their own family 
consumption or personal use shall be deemed a "factory" 
for the purposes of this Section. 

General Requirement. 

The owner or lessee or tenant or agent of a building 
used as a factory or in which a factory work room or work 
rooms are located, or the owner or lessee or tenant or 
agent of any work room in any building used for factory 
purposes, shall provide and maintain for every work room 
thereof and for all allied service rooms in connection there- 
with (such as office, stock, sorting, shipping, wash, dress- 
ing, locker and toilet rooms) good and sufficient ventila- 
tion and healthful temperature and humidity conditions at 
all times during working hours. 

Article I — Space Per Occupant. 

A minimum space of 250 cu. ft. per occupant shall be 
provided in all work rooms and no work room, of which 
occupancy is taken after the date of issuance of this pro- 
vision, shall have less than a clear height of 10 ft. 

164 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 165 

Article II — Air Supply Per Occupant. 

A positive supply of outdoor air from an uncontam- 
inated source shall be provided for the work room at all 
times during working hours, and the quantity of this 
supply of outdoor air shall be based upon a minimum re- 
quirement of 1,500 cu. ft. per hour per occupant intro- 
duced in such a manner as to fully meet the requirements 
of Articles III and IV. 

Where the space per occupant is less than 1,000 cu. ft, 
or the window area, opening directly to out of doors, is less 
than 8 sq. ft. per occupant, a positive air supply shall be 
furnished by mechanical or other means. 

Article III — Air Distribution. 

The distribution of the fresh air supplied shall be so 
arranged as to maintain the temperature requirements with- 
out uncomfortable drafts, or any direct draft lower than 
60° F. in occupied spaces. (See exceptions under the fol- 
lowing Article IV.) One test of proper air supply and dis- 
tribution will be that the CO2 content in any occupied part 
of a work room shall not at any time exceed 10 parts in 
each 10,000 parts of air, based upon tests of air taken in a 
zone of 3 ft. to 6 ft. above the floor line in any part of the 
occupied spaces. (See exceptions in Section I, Art. III.) 

Article IV — Temperature. 

The temperature of the air in any work room shall, at 
all times during working hours, be maintained throughout 
the actual working spaces, within the range of 60° R, to 
72° F., depending upon the class of work and workers 
except when the outside temperature is sufficiently high 
that artificial heating in the building is not required or 
when the particular class of work requires or makes ad- 



166 VENTILATION LAWS 

visable other temperatures that may be allowed by the 
Department of Health. 

The temperature of the air in offices shall be maintained 
during occupancy within the range of 65° to 70° F. ; in 
wash, dressing and locker rooms during working hours, 
60° to 70° R; and in toilet rooms 55° to 60° F. 

Accurate thermometers shall be provided, set and main- 
tained at a height of 5 ft. from the floor of all work rooms 
at least one thermometer for every 2,500 sq. ft. of floor 
area. Provide proper insulation between thermometer and 
wall. 

Article V — Heat Sources. 

Any heat source which does not contaminate the air. and 
which does not conflict with requirements of the Health, 
Fire, Building or Electrical Departments, may be used both 
to warm the outdoor air supply and to provide heat by 
direct radiation. 

Article VI — Special Service Rooms. 

Locker, wash, dressing and coat rooms shall be venti- 
lated in a manner approved by the Department of Health. 
See Section I, Article VIII. 

Article VII — Removal of Injurious Substances by Mechan- 
ical Exhaust, or Other Practical and Positive Means. 

Where dust, fumes, gases, vapors, odors, fibres or other 
impurities are created or released in the course of a busi- 
ness or process carried on in any work room or other place 
in quantities tending to injure the health of the occupants, 
there shall be provided canopies, hoods or other special de- 
vices, connected with exhaust fan or fans of sufficient ca- 
pacity and operated at sufficient pressure to remove such 
impurities at their point of origin. Such fans shall be 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 167 

kept running constantly while impurities are being gener- 
ated or released, and shall discharge at a point above the 
roof or otherwise if so directed by the Department of 
Health and be provided with dust collectors or separators 
as may be required to safeguard the fresh air supply of the 
building or adjacent buildings and prevent nuisance in the 
neighborhood. If practical and positive means, other than 
mechanical exhaust, can be devised for keeping these im- 
purities from the air, such means may be used when for- 
mally approved by the Department of Health. 

Whenever the amount of air exhausted by suction de- 
vices to meet the above requirements exceeds the amount 
of air supply required for ventilation, the air supply for 
ventilation shall be increased sufficiently to prevent undue 
air in-leakage. 

Article VIII — Excessive Temperature and Humidity. 

If, owing to the nature of the work done or the process 
carried on in a work room or any occupied space in any 
factory, excessive heat or humidity is caused therein, suf- 
ficient to be injurious to health, there shall be provided and 
maintained special means or appliances to reduce and con- 
trol such excessive heat according to the requirements of 
Article IV, and the relative humidity shall not be per- 
mitted to exceed 65 per cent, except when outside weather 
conditions prevent or when said rooms are used for special 
purposes which, according to the Department of Health re- 
quire or make advisable other humidities. 

Article IX — Filters and Air Washers. 

If in the opinion of the Department of Health the air 
supply to any building is deemed impure or especially dust 
laden, filters, air washers or other appliances, satisfactory 
to the Department, must be provided. 



168 VENTILATION LAWS 

Article X—Air Contamination from Gas Burners. 

Where artificial or natural gas is burned in any occupied 
work room, it shall be the duty of the Department of 
Health to inspect, and said Department can require spe- 
cial or additional ventilation to overcome any objectionable 
condition. 

Article XI — Toilet Room Ventilation. 

See Toilet Room Ventilation, Sec. I, Article IX of the 
general heating and ventilating requirements. 

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR FACTORIES 

General questions, such as inspection, method of en- 
forcing the requirements, penalties for non-complianoe, 
etc., are left largely for each state, city or town to deter- 
mine, although some pertinent suggestions covering these 
matters are made in Section I, Articles XI, XII, XIII 
and XIV. Inspection, method of enforcing and penalties 
are vitally important and should have careful considera- 
tion. 

It should be especially noted that the foregoing regula- 
tions call for a minimum of all requirements as compul- 
sory, and that it should be the aim of the administrative 
department having enforcement of these regulations in 
charge to encourage the owners and operators of said fac- 
tories to provide as comprehensive, liberal and high-class 
equipment as possible, to catering to the comfort, health 
and efficiency of the employees. 

Elimination of dust from the air supply by means of air 
filters or air washers is desirable under the best conditions, 
and is absolutely imperative under some conditions of 
especially dusty air supply. 

The controlling of relative humidity, within the range of 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 169 

35 per cent, to 50 per cent, is desirable, wherever possible. 

Rules for airing all work rooms during the noon hour 
by means of open windows is, under proper supervision, 
often valuable. 

Strong emphasis is placed on the need of having the 
administrative features of legislation, of the kind here ad- 
vocated, placed in the control of a responsible depart- 
ment, such as a State Department of Health in the case of 
villages, and a Municipal Department of Health or some 
other responsible municipal department for cities. It is 
further urged that such department be supplied with a 
special inspector or inspectors, experienced in heating, ven- 
tilation and sanitation, and that such department be given 
reasonable latitude by legislation to establish rulings within 
the law requiring approval of plans preceding installation; 
to require special extra equipment for special cases, such 
as dust filters or air washers, for air supply where the 
same is especially dust laden; to require fans in special 
places to keep the air in motion where air distribution is 
deficient, etc., it being made clear in the legislation that 
such latitude should in no case include the right to re- 
duce the legal ventilation requirements. 

Definite penalties, such as fines for minor offenses, up to 
a closing of the establishment for important or repeated 
violations, are indispensable to get practical results. 

The Committee recommends that the clauses relating to 
the power of entry and closure by authorized officers as 
stated in Section I, Articles XIII and XIV of this report 
(which have been of great benefit in the City of Chicago), 
or clauses to the same effect be included in every ventila- 
tion law. 



SECTION IV 

Theatres 

(Special Minimum Requirements Applying to all Classes 
of Theatres and Motion picture Houses. Supplementary 
to Section I). 

Article I — Space Per Occupant {new places). 

2l. A minimum of 4 3-5 sq. ft. (must be at least 33 in. 
back to back of seats by at least 20 in. width of seat) of 
floor area as a seating space per occupant, exclusive of 
aisles and public passageways, shall be provided in the au- 
dience hall. 

b. A minimum of 90 cu. ft. of air space, per occupant, 
shall be provided in the audience hall. 

c. Aisles shall have in the aggregate a width of not less 
than 20 in. for each 100 seating capacity, and for frac- 
tional parts of 100, a proportionate part of 20 in. shall be 
added. No aisles shall have a width of less than 30 in. 

Article I-A — Space Per Occupant {existing places). 

a. A minimum of 4 1-3 sq. ft. (preferably 32 in. back to 
back of seats by 19j^ in. width of seat) of floor area as a 
seating space per occupant, exclusive of aisles and public 
passageways, shall be provided in the audience hall. 

b. A minimum, of 80 cu. ft. of air space, per occupant, 
shall be provided in the audience hall. 

c. Aisles shall have in the aggregate a width of not less 
than 20 in. for each 100 seating capacity, and for frac- 
tional parts of 100, a proportionate part of 20 in. shall be 
added. No aisles shall have a width of less than 30 in. 

170 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 171 

Article II — Air Supply Per Occupant {new places). 

A positive supply of outdoor air from an uncontaminated 
source shall be provided for the audience hall at all times 
while the show place is open to the public, and the quan- 
tity of this positive supply of outdoor air shall be based 
upon a minimum requirement of 1,200 cu. ft. per hour per 
occupant. 

Article H~A — Air Supply Per Occupant {existing places). 

A positive supply of outdoor air from an uncontamin- 
ated source shall be provided for the audience hall at all 
times while the show place is open to the public, and the 
quantity of this positive supply of outdoor air shall be 
based upon a minimum requirement of 1,000 cu. ft. per 
hour per occupant. 

Article HI — Air Distribution {new places). 

The distribution of the supplied outdoor air in the audi- 
ence hall shall be so arranged as to maintain the tempera- 
ture requirement without uncomfortable drafts, or any draft 
lower than 60° F., and as one test of proper supply and 
distribution, it shall be required that the CO2 content in 
any part of such audience hall shall not at any time exceed 
10 parts in each 10,000 parts of air, based upon tests of air 
taken in a zone from 3 ft. to 6 ft. above the floor line in 
the occupied spaces. 

Article I II- A — Air Distribution {existing places). 

The distribution of the supplied outdoor air in the audi- 
ence hall shall be so arranged as to maintain the tempera- 
ture requirement without uncomfortable drafts, or any 
draft lower than 60° R, and as one test of proper supply 
and distribution, it shall be required that the CO2 content 



172 VENTILATION LAWS 

in any part of such audience hall shall not at any time 
exceed 12 parts in each 10,000 parts of air, based upon 
tests of air taken in a zone from 3 ft. to 6 ft. above the 
floor line in the occupied spaces. 

Article IV — Temperatures (both new and existing places). 

The temperature of the air in the audience hall during 
period of occupancy shall be maintained at all times 
throughout all occupied spaces within the range of 62° F. 
to 70° F., except when the outside temperature is suf- 
ficiently high that artificial heating in the building is not 
required. 

The temperature of the air in dressing-rooms, smoking- 
rooms, stage, ante-rooms, ticket offices, toilets and any oc- 
cupied spaces other than the auditorium, shall be main- 
tained as the special use thereof makes desirable within 
the range covered by Section 1, of the general ventilation 
requirements. 

Article V — Heat Sources (both new and existing places). 

Any heat source which does not contaminate the air and 
which does not conflict with the requirements of the 
Health, Fire, Building or Electrical Departments may be 
used both to warm the outdoor air supply and to provide 
heat by direct radiation. 

All stoves are prohibited and all gas heaters except when 
furnished with ample protection and adequate means for 
the removal of products of combustion are prohibited. 

Article VI — Machine Booth Ventilation (both new and 
existing places). 

Enclosures or booths for the motion picture machines 
shall be provided with exhaust ventilation having sufficient 
capacity to remove at all times not less than 60 cu. ft. of 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 173 

air per minute through a one-machine booth, not less than 
90 cu. ft. of air per minute through a two-machine booth, 
and not less than 120 cu. ft. of air per minute through a 
three-machine booth. See General Suggestions for thea- 
tres for further details. 

Where picture machines, films and their equipment are 
passed as fireproof by the National Board of Fire Under- 
writers, the Department of Health may, at its discretion, 
modify the booth requirements. 

Article VII — Air Exhaust System. 

Attention is called to the general ventilation require- 
ments for Special Service Rooms, Section I, Article VIII. 

Article VIII — Toilet Room Ventilation (both new and ex- 
isting). 

See Toilet Room Ventilation, Section 1, Article IX. 

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THEATRES 

General questions, such as inspection, method of enforc- 
ing the requirements, penalties for non-compliance, etc., 
are left largely for each state, city or town to determine, 
although some pertinent suggestions covering these mat- 
ters are made in Sec. I, Arts. XI, XII, XIII and XIV. 
Inspection, method of enforcing and penalties are vitally 
important and should have careful consideration. 

It should be especially noted that the foregoing regula- 
tions call for a minimum of all requirements as compul- 
sory, and that it should be the aim of the administrative 
department having enforcement of the regulations in 
charge, to encourage the owners and managers of motion- 
picture shows to provide as comprehensive, liberal and 
high-class equipment as possible, with a view to catering 
to the comfort and health of the patrons and thus add to 



174 VENTILATION LAWS 

the popularity of the show place as compared with others 
which have barely come within the legal requirements. 

The 80 cu. ft. of air space per occupant, allowed by the 
recommended regulations for "existing places" has been 
arrived at as an extreme minimum cubic space which 
should be allowed per individual when considering dif- 
ficult cases of old established places. Ninety cu. ft. of 
air space per occupant is considered minimum for "new 
places" and should be increased wherever possible. 

A mechanical system of exhaust ventilation is desirable 
for the auditorium of a theatre in addition to the air sup- 
ply system, but a mechanical system of exhaust ventilation 
is not made compulsory except where it may be necessary 
to meet the temperature and air distribution requirements. 

The requirement for machine booth ventilation may be 
fulfilled by having a number of small metal screened open- 
ings (equipped with special dampers and automatic appli- 
ances with fusible link to automatically close tight in case 
of fire in the booth) on the sides of the booth near the bot- 
tom, aggregating 180 sq. in. for a one machine booth, 210 
sq. in. for a two-machine booth, and 240 sq. in for a three- 
machine booth, and a metal or other fire-proof flue ex- 
tending from the top or the side near the top of the booth 
and carried to a proper place of discharge outdoors. The 
size of this special fireproof vent flue shall be not less than 
95 sq. in. clear area for a one-machine booth, not less than 
120 sq. in. clear area fop a two-machine booth, and not 
less than 144 sq. in. clear area for a three-machine booth, 
and in addition it shall be provided with an adjustable 
damper, operated from the booth and equipped with an 
appliance containing a fusible link or other device to op- 
erate so as to automatically open the damper wide in case 
of fire in the booth. Provide a metal duct equal in size 
to the special exhaust duct referred to for the different 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 175 

sizes of booths and connecting from out-of-doors to the 
bottom or lower part of booth for the introduction of 
out-door air directly to the booth. This duct shall pitch 
from the booth downward to the outside wall of the build- 
ing, shall be provided at the inlet with proper louvres or 
weather protection hood, and shall have an adjustable 
damper near the booth, said damper to be controlled from 
within the booth and to be independently equipped with 
an appliance containing a fusible link or other device to 
operate so as to automatically close in case of fire in the 
booth. The machine booth ventilation shall be kept in 
operation at all times when the booth is in use. 

Where picture machines, films and their equipment are 
passed as fireproof by the National Board of Fire Under- 
writers, the Department of Health may, at its discretion, 
modify the booth requirements. 

Elimination of dust from the air supply by means of air 
filters or air washers is desirable even under the best con- 
ditions and is absolutely imperative under some conditions 
of especially dusty air supply. This question is dealt with 
by suggestion in the following general clauses. 

The controlling of relative humidity, within the range of 
35 to 50 per cent, is desirable, wherever possible, but the 
committee decided to omit from the regulations any hu- 
midity requirement in theatres. 

Strong emphasis is placed on the need of having the 
administrative feature of legislation, of the kind here ad- 
vocated, placed in the control of a responsible department, 
such as a State Department of Health in the case of vil- 
lages, and a Municipal Department of Health or some 
other responsible municipal department for cities. It is 
further urged that such department be supplied with a 
special inspector or inspectors, experienced in heating, ven- 
tilation and sanitation, and that such department be given 



176 VENTILATION LAWS 

reasonable latitude by legislation to require approval of 
plans preceding installation; to require special extra equip- 
ment for special cases, such as dust filters or air washers 
for air supply where the same is especially dust laden; to 
require fans in the auditorium to keep the air in motion 
where air distribution is deficient, etc., it being made clear 
in the legislation that such latitude should in no case in- 
clude the right to reduce the general legal ventilation re- 
quirements. 

Definite penalties, such as fines for minor offenses, up 
to a suspension or revoking of licenses for important or 
repeated violations, are indispensable to get practical re- 
sults. 

The committee recommends that the clauses relating to 
the power of entry and closure by authorized officers as 
stated in Sec. I, Arts. XIII and XIV of this report (which 
have been of great benefit in the City of Chicago) or 
clauses to the same effect be included in every ventilation 
law. 



GENERAL NOTES INSERTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE HEAT- 
ING engineer's SOCIETY 

Our society has, from time to time, been asked by State 
and legislative bodies and by public health and other or- 
ganizations to furnish suggestions that will be of value in 
drawing up legislation regarding the heating and ventila- 
tion of buildings, and this committee report presents gen- 
eral suggestions intended to be both conservative and 
practical. 

Attention is called to the fact that the committee report 
deals with old buildings as well as new. The city of Chi- 
cago makes its ventilation laws apply to both old and new 
buildings with good results, yet there are some who object 



MODEL COMPULSORY LAWS 177 

to making legal requirements apply to buildings other than 
new buildings. If in any case the following suggestions 
are used to apply to new buildings, only, some modified 
requirements, as near the requirements for new buildings 
as possible, should, in the interests of public health, be en- 
forced for existing buildings. 

The subject of ventilation embraces many variable fac- 
tors (especially in the case of factory work rooms) and 
the committee has made its suggestions cover the general 
features in heating and ventilation most essential to the 
public health and decency in such a manner as to reason- 
ably well protect the public with the least possible require- 
ment for equipment; and has suggested practical condi- 
tions that should be maintained without unnecessarily limit- 
ing the method of obtaining the results. 

It is often desirable to have humidifying apparatus and 
humidity control, but, because of the expense of such equip- 
ment, humidity control (except as to keeping down exces- 
sive humidity) has been omitted from the suggested re- 
quirements. 

It is important to note that the suggestions given in the 
report are for average localities in the United States, tak- 
ing New York, Boston and Chicago as examples, and that 
some modifications may be desirable to suit localities like 
the Pacific Coast, Gulf States and Alaska, or localities of 
unusually high altitude and dry climates. 

Specific rules, not included herein, will be needed cover- 
ing details of installation and operation, such, for example, 
as have been formulated and adopted with excellent results 
by the department of health in the City of Chicago and the 
Industrial Commission of the State of Wisconsin. 

The removal from work rooms of objectionable dusts, 
fumes, gases, vapors, odors, fibres and other impurities 
created in manufacturing processes, covered by general 



178 VENTILATION LAWS 

requirements in the report, is vitally important and will re- 
quire specific rules that are practical and that may be 
widely applied. Space conditions per occupant should, un- 
der these conditions, be most liberal. Some good rules 
for removal of dusts, etc., from manufacturing establish- 
ments have been drawn up by the 1915 Industrial Board 
of the New York State Department of Labor and by the 
Industrial Commission of Wisconsin: 

The administrative features of enforcing general venti- 
lation laws are extremely important, and experienced and 
capable engineers are necessary as inspectors and as ad- 
visors to the administrative department. 

Good laws are often made almost useless for the want 
of proper administration and likewise inadequate laws are 
sometimes largely compensated by efficient and wise admin- 
istration. 



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